Mark Henderson, Science Editor
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Craig Venter, the controversial biologist who led the private effort to map the human genome, has moved closer to his goal of creating the first artificial life form by replacing the entire genetic code of one microbe with that of another.
The groundbreaking experiment has in effect turned a bacterium into a different species by substituting its DNA with that of a close relative. The success opens the way for doing the same thing with a genome that has been man-made from scratch, to create synthetic life.
Dr Venter has long been researching ways to make artificial organisms, with a view to creating new species of bacteria that produce environmentally friendly fuels such as hydrogen. This month he was said to have applied for a patent on a DNA sequence described as the “minimal genome” – the bare essential genes that can support life.
His team’s achievement takes him much closer to his goal, as the genome-swapping technique could be used to insert a DNA sequence that he has built into the shell of an existing bacterium. Whereas the cell’s membrane would be natural, its software – the genetic code containing the instructions for life – would be wholly artificial. “It’s like changing a Macintosh computer into a PC by inserting a new piece of software,” Dr Venter said.
The research could lead to new methods of genetic engineering in larger organisms, potentially including humans. The technique could allow scientists to create and insert artificial chromosomes carrying added genes into the genome, though many years of research would be required.
In the new experiment, which is published in the journal Science, researchers from the J. Craig Venter Institute in Rockville, Maryland, first extracted DNA from the donor bacterium species – Mycoplasma mycoides. This was then inserted into the host bacterium, a close relative known as Mycoplasma capricolum.
When bacterial cells were tested after the DNA transplant, they were using only the added genome, and had become biologically identical to the donor bacteria. The host cells’ genomes had been silenced or destroyed.
“We don’t know for certain how the donor genome takes over,” Dr Venter said. “But what is clear is that the technique works.”
The work will raise fresh controversy over the ethics of creating man-made life forms, and the hazards that it might pose. The project has drawn criticism from groups concerned that it is unethical to patent new forms of life, and those worried that similar techniques could be used to create dangerous new germs.
Dr Venter, however, said that his team had worked under ethical scrutiny at every stage, and even interrupted the project for 18 months while a bioethics panel was convened to review it.
“I don’t think there has ever been another field of science that has had so much public input and analysis before there have been any results,” he said. “Potential abuses such as biological warfare concern everyone in the field.”
Independent scientists said that the work was a significant step towards the creation of artificial life. Brian Spratt, professor of molecular microbiology at Imperial College, London, said: “Craig Venter has been promising a synthetic bacterium for some time. He appears to have solved one of the two key steps – a proven mechanism by which he could replace the resident chromosome of a bacterium with a chromosome synthesised in a test tube. Now he has to show he is able to produce the synthetic chromosome. I think most people who know Craig believe he will make a synthetic bacterium.”

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Hmm
How are you creating life, when you are using existing living matter. As Louis Pasteur proved, life can only come from pre-existing life.
When this guy get some dust of the ground and breaths life into it, then I'll be impressed! They are tinkering with what already exists, not creation!
Tony Parry, Abingdon, Oxfordshire , UK
When God saw the tower of Babel being built and the reasons why, he changed it so the people could not communicate. What will he do when we try to create artificial life? My hope is in Jesus.
Teresa, Battle Ground, WA
This is incredibly important work which must be done with the proper governance. To say it is immoral or to try to block it is foolish, it will be done somewhere, somehow by someone--the economic incentive is far too great. To mention just one area noted in the article: the possibility of finding a new source of energy aside from petroleum is enormous.
The key here is proper regulation, full peer transparency and going slow. If these criteria can be achieved then there is much to gain. The challenge is for the governments of the R&D nations to establish proper controls. This must be done in concern with the international community.
Pandora's Box is certainly open.
James Sibal, New York, NY, USA
Dr. Venter's work on creating new life forms is without question the most morally challenging issue faced by man since, scientists first split the atom.
On one side; Dr. Venter's goal of creating new species of life holds great promise for making life on this planet much easier and much more enjoyable for everyone. On the other side; looms the dark potential for the creation of the worst imaginable nightmares for man, if the power to create new life forms is not responsibly managed or worst yet, becomes available to those with evil intent, â which I assure you it will.
Greg Slaughter, Bakersfield, CA
We are looking for something that eats stubble and makes gasoline. Besides, it's not artificial life; it's still God's good genomes.
Gregory Baker, Laurel, Maryland, USA
You can see the plot of a sci-fi thriller evolving. Scientists create a new life form that is fatal to humans and there is no antidote. Only this time it will be real.
Jim, Massapequa, NY
Gee, how wonderful! We can replace the species we are wiping out as we squeeze the life out of the planet for our human-centric profit and pleasure with new, bizarre chimera. Ecological disasters immanent, we ignore basic solutions like limiting population growth, conservation, low-impact living, etc. and fixate on technological miracles to feed our addictions.
mike larson, boston, MA USA
Steve, London. I think youâre overreacting. To compare what is happing in those researches to second warâs genocide is huge mistake. I think Creigâs intension is to create life in favor of humanity maintenance, improving our life quality and developing news kind of sources (energy, medicines and many others). I agree that there are some points they get to be warned, they must be aware about creating new types of dangerous germs just as an example.
André Araujo de Oliveira, Vitoria, Brazil
artificial life still needs a designer, hmmmmm, interesting, so much for intelligence design
wayne, sarver, usa, pennsylvania
"War Crimes?" He is not creating these bacteriums to wipe out another race. Relax.
Matthew, Seattle, WA
Any experimentation of altering nature or it's course, is wrong.
Nature has built-in boundaries. Mules, are only begat from the combination of a mare and a donkey - and not the other way around. Mules themselves, both the males and females, are infertile. So today we have a clearly drawn line within those species. Otherwise we could have had the monsters of Greek Mythology living among us, what with bestiality mentioned in the Bible, Satyrs, Centaurs asnd such. Proclivity stops with Leopons!
If you cannot clearly visiualise the end, do not start the joiurney.
Let be.
Srivatsa Rao, Shasrjah, UAE
The risks from the technological use of these achievements will be high. But the rewards even higher. Creating primitive life forms that perform specific duties like fuel production or waste management is the only way forward for a planet of 10 billion.
Basil, Cambridge,
Man just does not know when to stop. If Adolf Hitler had done this in his laboratories in 1945 we'd have called it war crimes. But of course - we have 'progressed !"
Steve, London, UK
Some send probes to the moons of Saturn to see if there wouldn't be life in oceans hidden under ice. Others try to create artificial cells by playing Lego with aminoacids. Others ban every research on embryonic tissues because the Almighty has supposedly forbidden it.
When all these people have time they might consider saving some interesting large evolved forms of life on this very planet.
Ronnie, Paris, FRANCE
If life can be created in the lab the adjectives synthetic or artificial relly become irrelevant. What will that do to the superstitious belief that there is some bearded all knowing, all creating wise guy in the sky.
Bruce Northwood, Washington D.C., USA
One only needs to imagine what the Nazis would have been up to, with this kind of genetic engineering. Terrifying... Fifty years from now we may be worrying about a rogue state that is playing with this.
Robert, Manchester, UK