Lewis Smith, Environment Reporter
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Walkies, the seemingly innocuous duty of exercising the dog, has been identified as a huge threat to wildlife.
While it is held to be good for the health of owners by ensuring a daily dose of exercise, dog-walking can spell disaster for birds.
Numbers of birds in areas where people took their dogs for a walk were found to plummet by more than 40 per cent, according to a scientific study. Researchers also found that the range of bird species in dog-walking areas slumped by 35 per cent, especially among the easy-to-disturb ground-nesting varieties.
Cats, which are estimated to kill 27 million birds every year in Britain, are the traditional hate figures for bird lovers, but the research suggests that dogs could be just as big a threat.
Domestic dogs rarely succeed in catching birds, yet the study shows that they can devastate avian populations just by scaring them off. The researchers believe that birds recognise the dog as a top predator.
The “dramatic reduction” of the bird population was observed for up to 250 metres on each side of where the animals were being walked, and those bird species that remained in the area kept at least 10m (30ft) away from the paths.
The presence of people alone was recognised as a factor in disturbing birds but the impact was a fraction of that when the humans were accompanied by dogs. “Dog-walking caused a 41 per cent reduction in the numbers of bird individuals detected and a 35 per cent reduction in species richness,” the researchers reported in the journal Biology Letters.
“These results reveal that even dogs restrained on leads can disturb birds sufficiently to induce displacement.
“That the effects of dogs occurred even where dog-walking was frequent suggests further that local wildlife does not become habituated to continued disturbance.
“Ground-dwelling birds appeared most affected; 50 per cent of the species recorded in control sites were absent from dog-walked sites.”
The researchers, from the University of New South Wales, said the findings supported the idea that dogs should be banned from sensitive conservation areas.
While recognising the popularity of owning a dog and the “diverse benefits to human and canine health” from a walk, they said that their findings had detrimental implications for tourism.
“The dramatic reduction in bird diversity and abundance in response to dog-walking has immediate implications to other popular recreational activities pursued by humans,” they said.
“This includes bird-watching and ecotourism, where visitor satisfaction shows a strong relationship to numbers of species seen.”
The study was carried out in woodland on the outskirts of Sydney, Australia, but ornithologists said that the same effects took place in Britain. Research in Britain has shown that stone curlews, which are ground-nesting birds, abandon areas up to 400m from where dogs are walked.
John Clare, of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), said that the Australian research “chimes in” with observations of bird behaviour in Britain where dogs are present.
“If you are walking your dog in a sensitive area for biodiversity, clearly it is having an impact,” he said.
In some circucmstances, he added, dogs can be more damaging to birds than cats. While cats catch millions of birds, they “aren’t a conservation issue” because they tend to kill young and sick specimens whereas dogs can disrupt avian breeding behaviour.
Dogs are banned from some RSPB reserves during the breeding season, but Mr Clare denied that the organisation was against the animals.
“It’s a widely held suspicion that the presence of dogs can be a disturbance,” he said. “We are not anti-dog. Many of our members have dogs, but we do restrict access to our land — we are a conservation charity.”
A spokesman for the Dogs Trust said: “It is possible that during breeding season ground-nesting birds could be disturbed and nests disrupted by uncontrolled dogs. Outside of this season the problem should be minimal as dogs are not generally known as birdcatchers.”

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It's also worth noting that in areas frequented by dog walkers the nutrient status of the soil will change dramatically as a result of the droppings and urine deposited by the animals. In parks and towns people tend to pick up droppings and put them in bins specially provided, but not so in the wider countryside. This can be a real problem in habitats that are naturally nutrient poor, such as sand dunes and heathlands, where excessive use by dog walkers will result in changes in the natural flora with a knock-on negative impact on insects and other wildlife. One dog may not be a problem, but consider the cumulative effect of several thousand people each walking their one dog a couple of times a week and each dog marking the trail at intervals!
cw, London, UK
If cats kill 27 million birds a year, how many birds are saved by the presence of a good cat hating dog. Since we lost our dog a year ago we are over run by our neighbors cats and have no birds at all now. At least our dog stayed in its own garden rather than left to roam freely day and night using the neighborhood as an open toilet and killing off the wildlife.
N J Parker, Oxford, UK
does the research suggest we ban dogs from the countryside? It seems to given its suggestion dogs on leads still have major impact. Gosh how dreadfull - i find the only people who so much as say hello to each other on walks are dog owners. What a sad world it would be! Perhaps we should ban people from it 2.
db, oxford,
People have been walking dogs for a very long time. What's so different now?
Roger Tilbury, Worthing,
Of course any mention of a drastic decline in bird population following the disastrous, but deliberate, release of tens of thousands of mink by animal rights activists a few years ago just wouldn't do, would it. I haven't really noticed a huge increase in the dog population, but I see a lot more mink than I used to. In Britain's case, at least, let's try and focus on the real, unwanted predator and put the blame where it should be.
KR, Stockport,
Does the presence of dogs really "devastate avian populations" if they are just causing the birds to settle in other areas?
This would surely be redistribution of overall population rather than devastation.
If there is evidence that the birds are forced into overpopulation elsewhere (and therefore suffer reduction in numbers) then perhaps the term devastation is warranted.
I have no preference for or against dogs, I'm just curious about the seemingly sensationalistic terminology.
pete jardine, woking, england
Dogs get the blame again.Keep them on a lead no problem.In normal gardens dogs can act as guardians for birds.Birds are'nt stupid,In my garden they stay out of harms way until dog has cleared cats out.Result,population of blackbirds,finches.robins etc has increased.
jjones, w mids,
If the birds are being displaced by dogs, then the argument could be made that the population of birds is unnaturally higher in areas where dogs arent walked.
Best to be displaced by dogs than killed by cats surely?
Guy, Surrey, UK
Its surprising that birds have recently felt dangered by dogs and are threatened by them. My experience is that birds actually thrive where dogs poo is present, either from the insects that are attracted or even might I suggest from eating it directly.
The collapse of the town bird population may be due to the pooper bins and perhaps the country birds suffered from the demise of the working horse, creating the sterile environment we now take for granted and it is a worry if there are further calls to control and cleanse the world we live in.
JimB, Daventry, UK
Which dog is the best to get for pigeons?
John Ledbury, Kings Lynn, England
Sometimes people think cats have killed birds when in fact it is magpies and crows leaving dead blackbird chicks over lawn having just eaten the brain.
Angela Herington, Newbury, Berks
I agree with Mike,
Since having a dog a year a go the number of birds killed in our garden by the neighbours cats has reduced to zero. Before then I was forever having to dispose of bird carcases. We still have plenty of bird visitors.
Nick G, Bury St Edmunds, UK
Changes in modern agricultural practices such as set aside and uncultivated margin strips around fields have had nothing less than a miraculous effect on wildlife and ground nesting birds in particular. Dog walkers should keep their dogs on the leash at all times when in the countryside for the benefit of all concerned with the stewardship of our enviroment.
Dick Berkeley, York, Yorkshire
It can be of no surprise that dogs effect the success of ground nesting birds. They are but one factor in the decline of many such birds. Probably the largest factor is loss of habitat due to changing agricultural practice. Dog walkers feel the same pressure as the number of places where dogs are welcome is in decline too. Unfortunately, areas which are bird friendly are often dog friendly resulting in an inevitable conflict.
In two of my local country parks notices asking dogs (and people) to keep to paths during the ground nesting have proved successful. Thoughht and consideration can move towards a resolution.
One other aspect of this sort of narrow snapshot research is that it does not give an overall picture of the effect on the environment. Reasearchers, who are keen on butterflies and other invertebrates, might see dogs as being valued because they keep down the numbers of birds which predate on their favoured species.
John Sommer, Bath,
Without having read the full research paper it's difficult to comment but having said that the blackbird, wren, robin, blue tit and sparrow have all successfully nested and reared young in my garden this year (blue tits had 2 broods). Good job we keep a dog or goodness knows how many flocks of birds we'd have had.
Luckily the dog keeps cats away thus giving the young a better chance of survival.
Ground nesting birds in the wild will no doubt be disturbed by dogs but I don't think for one minute crows would be - in fact they'd attack the dog.
Australia does not share the same bird species or predators as Britain. The impact of a dog there would therefore be more likely to be pronounced.
Anyway, what's to say it wasn't the presence of the dogs' human handlers scaring the birds. But hey, if true, the research is bad news for scarecrows - bring on the stuffed dog!
mike anderson, Leamington Spa, UK