Jonathan Leake, Environment Editor
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Scientists are considering a plan to combat climate change by dumping millions of tons of iron into the ocean to alter its chemical make-up.
They believe the iron could act as a “fertiliser”, promoting the growth of tons of plankton that would soak up carbon dioxide from the surrounding sea water. When the plankton died, their bodies would sink into the deepest waters and sediments, where the carbon would be locked up indefinitely.
The theory, known as “ocean fertilisation”, has long caused controversy among marine scientists, many of whom doubted that it could work. This week leading researchers will meet at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts for a scientific conference to discuss the idea.
The renewed interest follows experiments by Planktos, an American firm, which seeded the Pacific ocean with 100 tons of iron particles, creating a bloom of plankton earlier this year.
“Researchers have carried out a dozen other scientific trials and some have shown interesting results,” said Dr Ken Buesseler, a scientist at Woods Hole.
Two years ago he led an expedition that dumped iron fertiliser into parts of the Pacific and measured the impact on plankton. He found that iron fertilisation did cause a surge in plankton, but there were big variations in the amount that eventually got locked into the sea bed.
In one area about half the plankton sank into the “twilight zone” where their carbon was locked away, but in others this fell to just a few per cent. “Ocean fertilisation needs a lot more research, but if there is a chance that we could use it to cut atmospheric carbon we have to look at it,” said Buesseler.
Buesseler and Scott Doney, a colleague, are hosting the Woods Hole conference which will bring leading scientists together with Planktos and other commercial companies.
Russ George, chief executive of Planktos, said adding a single ton of iron could remove as much as 100,000 tons of dissolved CO2 from the oceans. “Historic increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have changed ocean chemistry and reduced iron availability. Replacing iron artificially on a large scale could promote the growth of enough plankton to completely combat climate change,” George said.
Dr David Santillo, a senior scientist at the Greenpeace research laboratories at Exeter University, said iron fertilisation was a foolish idea. “There is no proof that the plankton blooms result in carbon being locked into sediments,” he said. “Adding iron on such a scale will also damage natural ecosystems.”
The Woods Hole conference comes amid increased anxiety over climate change. Tomorrow Ban Ki-moon, the United Nations secretary-general, will convene the largest meeting of world leaders on climate change at a UN general assembly.
It will be followed by a meeting in Washington on Thursday and Friday, convened by President George W Bush, for the leading economies to discuss energy security and climate change.
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Its a weird solution, but hey why not?
Imo, wales, wales
Reverse Global Warming by working a false cause (excess atmospheric CO2) and dumping tons of pollution into the ocean creating an excess of plankton we can't harvest and a large loss of fish we already depend on for food. The resultant starvation deaths will yield the desired CO2 reduction. GENIUS!
c.ecker, Columbus, OH, USA
I'm always amazed at how some can fervently rebuff something without even giving it the slightest bit of thought.
Quite possibly as a result of global brain fever......
Plankton is the single most important item in the food chain.
they oxygenate the oceans while removing CO2.
Recently, it has been shown that they produce iodine which forms a haze over the ocean surface and blocks the heat from being absorbed.....and with 70% of the earths surfae being ocean, this could represent a drastic reduction in the warming trend.
iron oxide seeding is nothing new as it generally opccurs from the river deltas but with all the toxification of our oceans, it would be nice to try and restore some balance by asistance.
Just imagine, reflecting heat, adding both oxygen and food for the oceans fish and other sea life.
I dare say we might even see an increase in ocean stocks due to this extra injection of much needed supply of food.
But oh no! Lets first see the downer.
Pazz
pazz, london, uk
Strange. Seems our best thinkers have come up with some pretty esoteric ideas. Why don't they encourage the planting of more trees, especially in areas where timbering is wiping out millions of acres of oxygen producing CO2 reducing forests?
Steve, LA, CA
Storing CO2 under the sea also means storing the oxygen in the molecule. Maybe after 50 years of this process, we'll all suffocate ;-)
K. Alexander, London,
The only viable short term solution where electricity generation is concerned, is to go nuclear. Why do the greens go against the sensible option of nuclear power?
Richard, Kidderminster, England
So...I don't need to buy any mercury bulbs?
This whole idea of dumping crap in the ocean scares me. Talk about cutting your nose to spite your face. What is the extra iron going to do for other algaes and bacteria in the water? Other types of plankton and all the animals? What happens when the iron gets evaporated and starts to rain in cities? What happens when the iron dissapates and starts showing up in beaches? What happens when you swim in it?
Come on, really! Talk about grasping for straws. Just a few weeks ago, I read about how the Chinese have figured out how to make it snow by shooting ionic crap into the clouds- the clouds then hold it there and then it snows.
Twice as many people die from the cold, every year, than they do from the heat.
Jenny Bea, Stamford, CT
Worst idea ever. Trying to cover up for humanities mistakes with a quick one solution fix all program is not going to help anything. Why don't we just stop being so damn greedy and let the planet fix itself like it has always done.
Jason T, Orlando, FL
There is proof on a confidence level of, say, the IPCC's 1st or 2nd reports on global warming that iron fertilization can have a significant positive impact on reducing CO2. Where convenient, that level of confidence is embraced by the Greenpeace collective as a signal for immediate, massive action. But where it is inconvenient to their agenda, it's no proof at all.
Study the phenomenon so we understand it better, develop improved methods of fertilization, and let's improve the CO2 picture at a much more affordable cost. Why should we reduce atmospheric CO2 more expensively than we have to?
TMLutas, Munster, IN, USA
Reminds me of when they dumped tires off the coast of Florida to create artifical reefs to foster coral development, all it did was backfire horribly, the tires are still rotting in the deep and they are now being removed.
Henri Himmler, Germantown, US / New York
The idea of "seeding" the ocean with Iron to boost phytoplankton growth and "sink" carbon is the most sensible and practical idea anyone has had regarding the issue of rising CO2.
This is what has happened in history when trees fell into bogs and became coal and when sea creatures dropped to the bottom of the ocean and became oil.
All the other ideas to reduce atmospheric CO2 are a "drop in the ocean" compared to this one
Ricky G, Whitefield, Greater Manchester
The first emporer of China thought mercury would extend his life indefinately, so surely dumping tons of iron into the sea would save the planet....
Will, Huntingdon,
A more interesting and precautionary approach would be John Munford's - fetilise the ocean with iron in "ocean deserts" [areas which don't have much growing phytoplankton because they lack iron] and then harvest the resultant algal blooms for use as biofuel. The diesel would emit far less net CO2 than conventional fossil fuels, vastly reducing the amount we're adding to the atmosphere. John suggests a prototype would cost perhaps 60m quid.
This should avoid most potential problems of adding iron to the ocean because you immediately remove it again in the shape of the algae which have absorbed it to grow. Hence little new material will enter the ocean ecosystem over the cycle.
[I have no affiliation with John or his company: see also last week's Economist reporting on the Oxford Renewable Energy Association Conference where he spoke].
Fernley Symons, London, UK
The knee-jerk negative reaction of environmentalists against a possible "cure" to "global warming" exposes their true intentions.
They're not interested in any solution that does not involve the destruction of capitalism or America. It's time this religion were eliminated
jeff, River City, USA
Our current climate change problems would fade to insignificance if the scientists are allowed to continue their "how about trying this..." philosophy.
The roll of our oceans on the environment is far too little understood to be played with indiscriminately.
Mike Poulsen, Reading, Berkshire
So a few kilo's of Iron (Sulphate?) dropped on route during each long distance overseas flight will offset the Carbon Dioxide produced by that journey?
Or is this just too simple?
M. Sheridan, Oldham,
Again, as a Ocean and Marine estuarine scientist, I can say that Americans are trying to find ways to "curb climate change" by wrong means. Cut your fuel usage and stop fiddling with the environment. Next they are going to dump iron in the Galapagos where huge upwellings exist, very smart America!
Shelly, Leesburg/Brit, VA
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