Lewis Smith, Science Reporter
Star musicians and your favourite Times writers at the Albert Hall
The new year is traditionally a time when people tend to look back and try to work out where it all went wrong – and how to get it right in the future.
This time the Edge Foundation asked a number of leading scientists and thinkers why they had changed their minds on some of the pivotal issues in their fields. The foundation, a chat forum for intellectuals, posed the question: “When thinking changes your mind, that’s philosophy. When God changes your mind, that’s faith. When facts change your mind, that’s science. What have you changed your mind about? Why?”
The group’s responses covered controversial issues, including climate change, whether God or souls exist and defining when humanity began.
Todd Feinberg
Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine in
the US
“I have come to believe that an individual consciousness represents an entity that is so personal and ontologically unique that it qualifies as something that we might as well call ‘a soul’.”
He previously believed that the notion of a soul was a fanciful religious invention but became convinced that the brain and the mind could be regarded as separate, though dependent, entities. He says that the soul dies with the body.
Daniel Gilbert
Professor of Psychology, Harvard
“Six years ago I changed my mind about the benefit of being able to change my mind. The willingness to change one’s mind is a sign of intelligence, but the freedom to do so comes at a cost.”
In 2002 he and Jane Ebert discovered that people were usually happier with decisions that they could not change because they concentrated on the positive aspects. When thinking about reversible decisions they were more objective. The finding, he said, suggested that marriage could prompt love, so he proposed to his girlfriend: “She said yes, and it turned out that the data were right: I love my wife more than I loved my girlfriend.”
Roger Schank
Psychologist and computer scientist, Engines for Education Inc.
In the 1970s he was convinced that machines as smart as people would be created within his lifetime. But the complexities of human thinking have persuaded him he was wrong. “AI in the traditional sense will not happen in my lifetime nor in my grandson’s lifetime,” he said. “Perhaps a new kind of machine intelligence will one day evolve and be smarter than us, but we are a long way from that.”
Patrick Bateson
Professor of Ethology, Cambridge
A confirmed agnostic, he was converted to atheism after attending a dinner where he tried to converse with a woman who was a creationist.
“For many years what had been good enough for Darwin was good enough for me. Not long after that dreadful dinner, Richard Dawkins wrote to me to ask whether I would publicly affirm my atheism. I could see no reason why not.”
Laurence Smith
Professor of Geography, UCLA
As a believer in global warming, the reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and droughts in the US hardened his conviction that man-made climate change was real. “The sea ice collapse changed my mind that it will be decades before we see the real impacts of the warming. I now believe they will happen much sooner.”
Richard Wrangham
Professor of Biology and Anthropology, Harvard University
“I used to think that human origins were explained by meat-eating. In a rethinking of conventional wisdom I now think that cooking was the major advance that turned ape into human. Cooked food is the signature feature of human diet.”
Timothy Taylor
Archaeologist, University of Bradford
“Where once I would have striven to see Incan child sacrifice ‘in their terms’, I am increasingly committed to seeing it in ours,” he said. He felt that relativism had a role to play but should be limited because researchers had a duty to employ moral discrimination when assessing ancient cultures. The Incas, he said, must be understood as having had a sadistic leadership.
Rupert Sheldrake
Biologist, London He came to the conclusion that scepticism was a weapon
rather than a virtue after watching creationists employ it to denigrate
theories on fossils, natural selection and evolution. “Is this because they
are seeking truth? No. They believe they already know the truth. Scepticism
is a weapon to defend their beliefs by attacking their opponents.”
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I have changed my mind about homeopathy being placebo after our dog not only stopped being carsick after a homeopathic preparation, but also proceeded to upchuck in the car every time we forgot to give it to her before a trip!
I Prescott, Richmond,
"endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights" from the Declaration of Independence is being trumped by the ACLU and "scientific" community with their twisted interpretation of the establishment clause of the Constitution which sought to prevent a national church.
Patrick Beal, Dallas, TX
We will all go to the grave. The Bible declares there is life beyond the grave. In two places, Heaven or Hell. Our belief in Jesus of the Bible determines our destination after death. Jesus said, "I am the Way the Truth and the Life, no man cometh to Father except by me".
Bill Wallace, Summerville,
Creationists do not speak for Christians, and most of us aren't creationists. I have always believed logic, learning and openness are friends of religion.
And how is becoming an atheist on the basis of an unpleasant dinner supposed to be rational?
H., Milton Keynes,
In response to david's comment .
Theories
are not presented as facts ( not in a scientific community at least ).
There is perhaps no apology for a mistake in science but there is a humble admitting to it.
Tarja, WrocÅaw, Poland
"Man needs to impose altruism into lifestyles..."
Impose? That doesn't sound very altruistic.
Lee Pefley, Brent, usa
Global warming or global warning? soul or sole? god or good? we can all think what we want, but when we all think the same or similar things as a group, then we can create the change needed to impact this planet at a global level. Think cars & petrol engines, all our great grandparents embraced it as the best thing ever, and at the time it was, there was no comprehension about the future. We changed our minds about the future when we realized the impact these things were having on out planet. We only have one planet. Weather is changing because of the changes we have inflicted on our planet, we as a nation (One Nation like One Planet) can continue to change our minds on the things we buy & companies we support to bring down the amount of carbon & non-renewable energy wasted to bring us non-renewable throwaway items made in China. We can all change our minds and work a little harder to support companies that have a 'Good' & 'True' attitude as their vision. Be the change you want to see!
Tim Jacobsen, Auckland, New Zealand
...I always thought that there were some intelligent women round as well... Guess I have to change my mind about that.
Seb, Perth,
about the soul or god. It is all about making a remark in public and loosing authority in ones field - if one sticks to things that can not be measured with scientific method. All has to be scientific and logic - but everyone would confirm I believe that its not and our mind should be open to the unexpected and unexplainable. Our western society will only develop if we become more open minded
Jonny, Bath, UK
Bertrand Russell: "Changing your mind proves that you have one"
Tony Gillingham, Hereford, England
Religions of all persuasions are based on implicit premises and rigorous argument. Objective examination of the premises reveals illogical and self serving assumptions predicated to a total control of their adherents.
Education is the enemy of religion and it is no surprise that religions among the advanced nations are a dying concept. For the human race to survive an alternative, universal code of practice is necessary, one that is strongly geared to a regard for future generations. There is no objective evidence that the prayers of religionists have been of help or ever likely to be. Man needs to impose altruism into lifestyles, tolerating only those beliefs that seek not to undermine society. Governments, devoid of self-serving and corrupt politicians, have a major role to play in achieving long-term survival. Therein lies the ontological limitation on man's progress towards survival. Remove incompetent and corrupt politicians and the rest starts to fall into place.
Maxadolf, Epsom, UK
It won't be long before all these "experts" admit they were wrong about 'man made' global warming, and instead realise that it's just a change in weather, just like the last few million years.
Neil, Glos, UK
Anyone who sees these changes as common wisdom lacks wisdom. Moreover, wisdom is not at all common.
Steve, Cambridge,
It would be nice if people's minds were not so rigidly fixed on particular views that they then had to 'change' their minds in order to comply with new discovery.
It is only authoritarian posturing in the first place that creates the problem.
When they discover they are wrong, you don't hear scientists apologizing for their previous insistence on a falsity, they just quickly and quietly change costumes.
When theory is presented as fact, even when couched in probability, an irresponsible position is supported.
A little more humbleness in the face of the hugeness of phenomena would be in order.
P.S. - There is no need to go to extremes.
Just because creationists behave like idiots is no reason to be contrary.
It's like arguing with children.
david, Pemberton, Canada
Change our minds we can change our world.
Arthur Livingstone, S. Paulo , Brazil
most of these changes are common wisdom you don't need to be a scientist to know
saud, riyadh,