Brendan Montague
Star musicians and your favourite Times writers at the Albert Hall
HUMANS could be closer to pond life than had been realised. Researchers have linked a raft of our anatomical and genetic features with fishy ancestors that lived hundreds of millions of years ago.
They have found that the origin of human hands and fingers could lie in the emergence of a finned fish 365m years ago. Similarly, the sophisticated joints that give us the ability to run, grip and turn may owe their existence to a sea creature known as the tiktaalik that lived in the Arctic 375m years ago.
Even our acute vision may be a legacy of an even earlier ancestor, similar to a jellyfish, whose genes have been adapted to play a crucial role in the human eye.
“An entire tree of life, from microbe to worm, to fish and mammal, is embedded inside of us. We can uncover our past by studying fossils and understanding our DNA,” said Neil Shubin, professor of anatomy at Chicago University.
Shubin is about to publish his findings in a book, Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5 billion-year History of the Human Body, which explores the links between humans and their most ancient forebears.
Shubin’s findings suggest that every bone in the human body first evolved from simple marine ancestors. Our wrists, the unique dexterity of the thumb, even the shape of our skulls, can be traced to origins in primitive sea creatures.
One part of the research involved close examination of a fossilised fish known as a tiktaalik, which was discovered in the Arctic four years ago.
Shubin found that its skeleton displayed rudimentary versions of the human shoulder, elbow, forearm and wrist.
“When we study the structure of these joints to assess how one bone moves against another, we see that tiktaalik was specialised for a rather extraordinary function - it was capable of doing push-ups,” writes Shubin.
Separately, Shubin has found that modern-day fish carry genes allowing for the growth of wrists, hands and fingers. These are now “switched off” so the digits never develop in the fish.
Such findings cast doubt on the assumption that hands are a more recent evolutionary step than fins. Instead, fins may have developed as an improvement on hands.
The research also supports the argument that the majority of the human genome developed 500m years ago and is shared with most living creatures.
One of the factors that makes living forms different is the ability to switch off certain genes while retaining them in the genome.
An alternative approach is to adapt similar genes to different purposes. Some of the genes involved in the evolution of human vision and hearing play an active but very different role in the metabolism of jellyfish.
“The genome has changed a bit, but the similarities greatly outweigh the differences,” said Shubin last week.
Richard Dawkins, author of The God Delusion and professor of the public understanding of science at Oxford University, said the research was a new blow to the Bible’s version of how humankind was created.
“The tiktaalik is an extremely important and exciting find in terms of bridging a gap in our ancestral history between when we lived in water and when we lived on land,” said Dawkins.
“This evidence is what we would expect as evolutionists, but it would be extremely embarrassing for a creationist.”
Shubin said: “Looking back through billions of years, everything innovative or apparently unique in the history of life is really just old stuff that has been recycled, recombined, repurposed or otherwise modified for new uses. This is the story of every part of us.”
Follow our three athletes' progress in their preparations for the London Triathlon, and pick up training tips and more
Enjoy screenings of all the classic films you love, plus take advantage of two-for-one tickets
We explore leisure activities that are safe and suitable for all of the family
Times Online's new TV show helps you make the right decisions for your pet
Read our exclusive 100 Years of Fleming and Bond interactive timeline, packed with original Times articles and reviews
The latest travel news plus the best hotels and gadgets for business travellers
Shortcuts to help you find sections and articles


Overseas contacts and local business information

A treasure trove of baubles, booty and stylish quests

Dubrovnik, the Dalmatian Coast and Montenegro

£129,500
Bentley Edinburgh
£79,850
Mercedes-Benz of Northampton
£26,995
Unit 1, Woodfield Business Unit, Kidderminster Road, Ombersley, Worcester.
Great car insurance deals online
90k + Bonus + Options
Confidential
London
£23,716 +
Highways Agency
National
£
£43,405 - £48,228 pa
Notting Hill Housing
London
£30,000 base, £100,000 OTE
Riches Consulting
London/South
with annexe accommodation and 5.25 acres
£1,100,000
Beautiful Gardens w/ stunning Thames Views
Studios £33K, 1 Beds £60K, 2 beds £79K
Mortgages, bank acc & money transfers to help you buy abroad
Explore mystical Jordan
From £1030 for 7nts 4*
to USA's Most Cosmopolitan City; San Francisco!
£POA
Book Now for Winter 08/09 and Get 10% off!
Great travel insurance deals online
Contact our advertising team for advertising and sponsorship in Times Online, The Times and The Sunday Times. Search globrix.com to buy or rent UK property. Visit our classified services and find jobs, used cars, property or holidays. Use our dating service, read our births, marriages and deaths announcements, or place your advertisement.
Copyright 2008 Times Newspapers Ltd.
This service is provided on Times Newspapers' standard Terms and Conditions. Please read our Privacy Policy.To inquire about a licence to reproduce material from Times Online, The Times or The Sunday Times, click here.This website is published by a member of the News International Group. News International Limited, 1 Virginia St, London E98 1XY, is the holding company for the News International group and is registered in England No 81701. VAT number GB 243 8054 69.
Excellent book. There is much beauty in the 3 astoundingly parallel stories told by the (imperfect) body construction of all creatures alive today incl humans, the gradual shaping of current body construction plans in fossils and the history written in genomes hinting as to how these plans evolved.
Luc Philippi, Ranst, Belgium
Once upon a time there was nothing, absolutely nothing then one day out of nothing evolved something and it kept on evolving and evolving until one day we have everything that we see around us to day. Very immpressive! ,if you enjoy fairy stories for grown ups The best book to read is Charles Darwin's origin of the species. As for me i would rather believe that in the beginning God created the heavens and the Earth. Let those so called intellectuals laugh and scoff and mock at God. One day God will have a good laugh at them. Yes, i am a very intelligent person more so than the likes of ranting steve Dawkins. I used to believe in Evolution but when i began to look at it in detail i discovered that it was all built on lies, fabrication and speculation and the only ones who believed it were those who wanted to escape the responsiblity of believing in a creator. As for Steve Dawkins , he is a buffoon and the Bible has something to say to him, " the fool says in his heart there is no God"
Malcolm Turner, Darlington, England
The only known mechanism whereby identical genes occur within the genomic content of related organisms is common heredity. The principle of sufficient reason informs our understanding that things occur due to a cause. We Sapians know with a degree of certainty well beyond a reasonable doubt that common heredity and decent with modification are real phenomena. Genotypic mutation happens due to transcription error, redundancy, or endogenous insertion. Natural and Sexual Selection, Genetic Drift, and Mutagenesis have been confirmed as causative agencies driving decent with modification. Life on this planet is old enough for selection and mutations to function strive on behalf of many millions of lineages towards reproductive success.
Kevin Brown, Dallas, Tx., USA
Evolution is probably the most obviously true theory in all of science. Questioning its general validity is so ridiculous it drives the eyebrows right off of my face. Iâm a person who thinks the Big Bang theory is most likely wrong, so I donât buy into every theory thrown my way, by any means- but questioning Evolution is like questioning the boiling point of water, for gosh sakes. Wait- maybe the Creator is fooling us about the boiling point, also, just like the pesky geological strata and detailed evolutionary record He fools us with. Many of these IDers/ creationists also believe that Earth is only like 6,000 years old. Thatâs only wrong by a factor of ONE MILLION. You just canât argue with these biblical literalists. Notice that most of the kooks who buy into this creationist nonsense are Americans. How damn embarrassing.
Kevin, Chicago, USA/ Illinois
I wonder ... if eventually we will be able to deliberatley turn on or off certain of these genes .... thus allowing species to 'morph'. Maybe we will learn that there are control mechanisms that allow life forms to 'activate' certain genes in response to external environmental pressure.
Cool!
William Halverson, VAllejo, CA USA
Is this why Christians have a fish symbol on the back of their cars?
Stuart Kelly, Sutton Coldfield,
Just because humans share genetic markers in common with other creatures does not PROOVE that we evolved from them... It only suggests that we shared the same environmental conditions during development. ALL earthlings look like the trauma vectors that gave rise to the adaptive processess called 'progressive'.
This guy is an ego looking for a bank account appropriate to his low estimate of a general audience of uninformed intellectual cretins known as a 'book market'.
george, Summerville, South Carolina, USA
Mason: No, monkeys did not evolve from humans. Nor did humans evolve from monkeys. Both evolved from a common ancestor, so some characteristics are shared and other characteristics are different.
Sue Burnett, Pontypridd, Wales
It is argued that similar DNA means that creatures posessing it are related by evolution. Similar DNA and similar appearance can as easily or better be explained by saying that a Master Designer used similar building blocks to accomplish the desired appearance.
Earl, Benton, Illinois
I love creationists - whenever additional evidence s found that fills in the evolutionary tree, it is espoused as 'proof' that an intelligent designer must have been responsible! You just cannot beat that form of logic :-)
Michael, Chicago, USA
The Tiktaalik is plausible ancestor of land tetrapods, having an articulated forefin that could have been used to move in shallow water and to propel itself partly onto land. That activity would have become worth doing by then (Ca. 375 mybp) as plants and insects were about on dry land that could have been a food source. So the progressive but undirected nature of evolution is nicely confirmed by the existence of this bridging species or missing link. The fossil was described in 2004 and was nice to find as it fills in the gap from marine vertebrates such as bony fish to land species such as frogs, as predicted by Mr C.Darwin in his interesting book on the evolution of species, that was published a few years ago by Mr Murray. Copies may be had at a reasonable price from most good booksellers and I would advise the other writers in this forum to read it.
Edward Tuddenham, London, UK
If things are sufficiently complex, the wish becomes the father of the thought. Evolution? I just don't buy it.
Doug, Prescott, Az
this new "evidence" doesn't seem to prove or disprove anything. is it such a far stretch to think that if god created all living things they would all share some matching characteristics? look at all the works of any single artst and you'll find common threads thoughout their paintings. some may be based on the same theme, others may use a particular time of day, while others may share the same setting. and all those paintings, while in their own ways, are different from the rest they all use the same materials to accomplish the diversity. maybe the genome is God's medium, as the paint is to the artist.
bill, charleston,
Another becon of knowledge shone into the murky shadows of our evolution... hurra for science! hurra for knowledge! hurra for Dawkins! I pitty these godbothering creationists who roam in the darkness of ignorance.
MIchael, Belfast, N.Ireland
So what the evidence says is that the human bone structure did not in fact evolve over millions of years, but was there 375 million years ago and was just switched off until a convenient time? That is evidence for design not evolution.
Richard, Sea Cliff, NY
WE all know that man invented "god" and "god" didn't invent man. This further illistrates why we need our Omega 3.
What I would like to know what caused those genes to be switched on in our brain to make us humans the lowest form of life on this earth.
Lance, Batthurst, NSW Australia
Well what about monkeys? Did they evolve from earlier forms of humans? They do share quite a bit of genetic similarity with us, about 96 percent according to a *National Geographic article. This is something i want to know if this emerging theory isn't shot down quickly.
*http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/0831_050831_chimp_genes.html
Mason, Ferndale, MI
Actually, this is used in bacterial and mycotic (fungal) research also. By looking at the genes in various lifeforms, it is possible to see the siblings that have moved by looking for precentages of homogenius string preservation in the DNA. Closely tied lifeforms will have a good percentage of similarities as they have a common predessor. Most of the more advanced (than a few very simple bacteria and viruses) have genes that are switched. There is a region of DNA at the head of the gene section for just this among other functions.
Wes Byrd, Iowa City, Iowa USA