Lewis Smith, Science Reporter
Enter our Snapshots of Summer photography competition

A clay tablet that has baffled scientists for 150 years has been identified as a witness’s account of the asteroid suspected of being behind the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.
Researchers who cracked the cuneiform symbols on the Planisphere tablet believe that it recorded an asteroid thought to have been more than half a mile across.
The tablet, found by Henry Layard in the remains of the library in the royal place at Nineveh in the mid-19th century, is thought to be a 700BC copy of notes made by a Sumerian astronomer watching the night sky.
He referred to the asteroid as “white stone bowl approaching” and recorded it as it “vigorously swept along”.
Using computers to recreate the night sky thousands of years ago, scientists have pinpointed his sighting to shortly before dawn on June 29 in the year 3123BC.
About half the symbols on the tablet have survived and half of those refer to the asteroid. The other symbols record the positions of clouds and constellations. In the past 150 years scientists have made five unsuccessful attempts to translate the tablet.
Mark Hempsell, one of the researchers from Bristol University who cracked the tablet’s code, said: “It’s a wonderful piece of observation, an absolutely perfect piece of science.”
He said the size and route of the asteroid meant that it was likely to have crashed into the Austrian Alps at Köfels. As it travelled close to the ground it would have left a trail of destruction from supersonic shock waves and then slammed into the Earth with a cataclysmic impact.
Debris consisting of up to two thirds of the asteroid would have been hurled back along its route and a flash reaching temperatures of 400C (752F) would have been created, killing anyone in its path. About one million sq km (386,000 sq miles) would have been devastated and the impact would have been equivalent to more than 1,000 tonnes of TNT exploding.
Dr Hempsall said that at least 20 ancient myths record devastation of the type and on the scale of the asteroid’s impact, including the Old Testament tale of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah and the Ancient Greek myth of how Phaeton, son of Helios, fell into the River Eridanus after losing control of his father’s sun chariot.
The findings of Dr Hempsall and Alan Bond, of Reaction Engines Ltd, are published in a book, A Sumerian Observation of the Köfels’ Impact Event.
The researchers say that the asteroid’s impact would explain why at Köfels there is evidence of an ancient landslide 5km wide and 500m thick.
Tale of devastation
Then the Lord rained on Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the Lord out of Heaven; and he overthrew those cities and all the valley, and all the inhabitants of the cities . . . [Abraham] looked down toward Sodom and Gomorrah and toward all the land of the valley, and beheld, and lo, the smoke of the land went up like the smoke of a furnace.
Source: Genesis 19:24-28

Win a luxury weekend to Newcastle and its neighbour Gateshead, find out more here
Risk, resilience and embracing new technology
Industry sectors news at a glance. Interactive heatmap, video and podcast
Discover the collective power of smart thinking. Submit a solution and be in with a chance to win a Flip MinoHD Camcorder
The inside track on current trends in the charity, not for profit and social enterprise sectors
Everything the Business Traveller needs to know to make a better trip
Make the most of the summer and enter our fabulous photographic competition, you could win a £5000 holiday
Corsica is an island of beauty and contrast, an ideal holiday destination
Enjoy further reading from Travel to Fashion, Business to Sport, discover more
Shortcuts to help you find sections and articles
The clever way to lease a new car is with Car leasing made simple™
2009
42,945
2008
71,450
Car Insurance
Not Specified
MI6
UK-based
£60,000
The Environment Agency
Bristol
Up to £90K
Boots
Midlands
OTE £85k
Credit Protection Association
Nationwide Opportunities
Completely London
Luxury Condo's in Manhattan with NYC views
The best new homes in Wimbledon?
Nationwide
Save up to £1,000 per couple with Elite Vacations at the five-star Constance Lemuria Resort
and do the British Isles this Summer.
Save up to 60% with Oxford Hotels and Inns
Try our inspiring luxury holidays to the Indian Subcontinent and South East Asia.
Great offers available
8 fabulous Canadian cities ...you won’t find cheaper
Contact our advertising team for advertising and sponsorship in Times Online, The Times and The Sunday Times, or place your advertisement.
Times Online Services: Dating | Jobs | Property Search | Used Cars | Holidays | Births, Marriages, Deaths | Subscriptions | E-paper
News International associated websites: Globrix Property Search | Property Finder | Milkround
Copyright 2009 Times Newspapers Ltd.
This service is provided on Times Newspapers' standard Terms and Conditions. Please read our Privacy Policy.To inquire about a licence to reproduce material from Times Online, The Times or The Sunday Times, click here.This website is published by a member of the News International Group. News International Limited, 1 Virginia St, London E98 1XY, is the holding company for the News International group and is registered in England No 81701. VAT number GB 243 8054 69.
If the asteroid crash theory on the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is true, there should be evidence of widespread tektite distribution in the area, like is the case in parts of the Philippines, with tektites (Australasian) attributed to the Zhamanshin asteroid crater in Kazakhstan.
alvinwriter, Manila, Philippines
I'd have to do some more research into this to be certain, but I know God told Abraham to run to the hills- presumably they could have survived in a cave or something during the destruction.
Just the fact that they knew in advance shows something was going on that is attributable to God.
Jason Patterson, Indianapolis, United States of America
Those attempting to harmonize the Bible with this, remember how Abraham was standing nearby watching the smoke rise up like a furnace. If 1 million sq. Km were devastated, then he 'd be incinerated too, in such vast temperatures. The 2 stories are irreconcilable. Personally I'll go with the Bible!
David Reid, Mijas, Spain
whole lotta coincidences around 3100bc; i.e. beginng of current age maya calendar is 3113bc, beginning of kali yuga is around this time, krishna is said to have dis-incarnated 3114bc-far out stuff- so much evil and ignorance in this world-21/12/2012....bring it on!!!!!! i'd love to meet other folks
sach, london, uk
Sodom & Gomorrah seem to have been part of an ancient civilization that left such a minimal impact on the overall stream of human history that some historians even doubt that they ever existed. No identifiable ruins have ever been found, no aritifacts of any kind, no literature that can be identified as theirs. I am not a Biblical literalist, but I do hold the Bible to be a generally reliable historical source, so I am inclined to take ther story as evidence thast these citeis did flourish for a time, then a frightful natural disaster destroyed them without a trace.
That a large asteroid hitting the earth might have contributed to this disaster is an intriguing idea; what I find to be a pluasible idea is that it was a volcanic eruption. (Not all volcanic eruptions produce lava.) This eruption produced a pot of sulphur vapor, which would account for the "rain of brimstone" in the OT account. Some of the suphur vapor condensed and fell like rain; some caught fire and burned.
Joh Sturm, Los Angeles, USA/CA
I'd like to know which section of the planisphere this report appears on, since from my study of it no such text appears on this tablet!
Asia Haleem, LONDON,
It's true the surface of the ground is littered with fragments of brimstone in the area speculated to be Sodom & Gomorrah, it's also true noone knows the date Sumerians or Pre-Sumerians began recording in cuneiform on clay tablets, but an Assyrian could read the Akkadian transcriptions of Sumerian at that date.
Harline, Ogden, Utah
I thought the commentary of Mr. Fischer in VA was the most to the point. I HAVE heard, in an Old Testament Archaeology class, that there is evidence of widespread burning at the sites along the end of the Dead Sea that are believed to have been the location of the two infamous cities. But Mr Fischer is right---this would have been around the 2000 BC era. And "possibly" still in Sumerian, although that is not the only option at that point. And yes...tie it to a biblical event, and it certainly WILL get more play!!
Robin Sheffield, Naperville,,
Ur was destroyed about 2000 BC, and Abraham likely departed shortly before that so 3123 BC is far too soon for Sodom and Gomorrah, and written in Sumerian would be unlikely beyond Sumer's destruction.
So a Sumerian saw a shooting star. But thatâs not news, so itâs tied to a biblical event â now itâs news!! Just like when Bob ballard wanted to explore Lake Van looking for Noahâs ark.
Now, I have a picture on my web page that very well could be Adamâs altar. See www.historicalgenesis.com That's news!
Dick Fischer, Centreville, Virginia
The TIMES has demeaned itself by publishing this article. What a buch of baloney. Other commentators have done an excellent job of pointing out the schlock science regarding the alleged observation of the asteroid and the yawning gap between its reported size and the consequences of its impact. But the absolute fiction is any connection between the object and Sodom and Gomorrah. There is absolutely no scientific record or evidence that an object falling from space leaves a trail of destruction over thousands of miles before it hits. And even if this was an actual event, Sodom and Gomorrah would have been two insignificant way stations along the way.
Nigel, Annandale, VA
If the primary crash site was in Austria and these guys claim that Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed at the same time, then they people in Austria must have been real bad to have copped the primary "hit"! The logic of this is theory makes one realy wonder......as one of the other comments says...did it bounce like the Dam busters bomb!!!
DK, Newcastle, Australia
The Clay Tablet is a copy of a much earlier record.
John Beebe, San Francisco, California, USA
hen are people going to stop trying to make religious stories intended for religious purposes into science and history? The Sodom narritive was meant to conver religious truths not facts of evenys.
Gerard, Stockton, CA
Well, that clears up one mystery of the Bible. Now, what about this water-into-wine thing...
S. Smith, Shreveport,
I'm confused, the clay tablet is from 700bc, and the guy who witness the event and wrote the tablet is from June 29 in the year 3123BC
mrbonaparte, tucson, az
The claimed book is shown as available via Amazon, or at least one with that title so this was NOT an April Fools joke.
BUT: The claimed size of the explosion does NOT make sense based upon the claimed size of the asteroid/meteor.
BUT: The SMALL impact zone at Kofels does NOT make sense based upon both the claimed size of the asteroid/meteor and the amount of destruction left along it's path as it traveled to earth and it's landing in Europe.
Obviously this was NOT a peer reviewed book/article with such basic problem with the science involved.
It should be easy enough for a research team to determine if an impact really occured at Kofels (pictures and radar images from space do a GREAT job at that any more when combined with on the ground testing). The fact that they are NOT included speaks ill of either the depth of the research done or the conclusions reached.
Stephen Swaim, Columbus, USA/Ohio
The theory is intriguing but the date of the event is about 900 years out of sync with many scholars' estimates of when Abraham lived (c. 2200 BC).
John Kennedy , Phila., PA , USA
You 'quote' the energy of impact as equivalent to 1000 tonnes of TNT - sounds rather low given the estimated size of the asteroid..?
Julian Pieniazek, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
Your headline suggests that the tablet is the asteroid. Shouldn't it read "... identified as account of asteroid ... ?"
Rampas Mornay, West Festus,
wasn't it FIRE and BRIMSTONE. if anyone really wants to know they can google sodom and gomorrah and find the location of where it used to be. within the location are the remains of brimstone, etc. very interesting.
i seriously doubt that God would destroy more people than necessary. so i don't agree with the asteroid theory. but it's fascinating.
skyhart, ATLANTA, USA/ GEORGIA
Considering that so many people differ as to the -'exact '- location of the cities Sodom and Gomorrah..
How do they make the connection to - this - particular location - (based simply on the evidence of an "ancient landslide" at Köfels? ).
Another words - what proof is there - that this landslide at Kofels - is connected to the - 'original' - location of these ancient cities?
No one seems to agree - 'where' - Sodom and Gomorrah were situated.
And one would imagine - that an asteroid of that enormous size - and power - would have left behind a lot more evidence.
R.J. Kingsley, Daytona, Florida
Amazing!
The book itself ( "A Sumerian Observation of the Köfels' Impact Event" by Alan Bond and Mark Hempsell) apparently does indeed exist, as it is listed by Amazon, and was NOT published on April 1st (Fool's Day).
Among the numerous clues offered by this April 1st report:
The disk shown in the photo is clearly more than 6cm.
Sumerian engraved rectangular tablets, not disks.
An Assyrian in 700BC could hardly read Sumerian notes from 3123 BC (when cuneiform may not have yet been invented, BTW).
An asteroid hitting Earth would do it so too fast to permit leisurely observations of a "white stone bowl approaching".
A "half-mile across asteroid" would do much worst damage that a mere 5km landslide in Köfels (dated at about 8700 years ago).
Fragments could not bounce back! It is dynamically impossible.
(Slightly -different versions of this articles in other languages gives further clues that this is April Fool's hoax or joke)
Roberto Molteni, (Fair) Verona & New York, Italy & USA
According to biblical chronology Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed in 2068 BC. But who cares about a 1,055 year discrepancy when a natural explanation for a biblical miracle is being offered? Dr. Hempsall is no friend of the Bible.
Rowland, Bay Area, CA
If I am not wrong, 1,000,000 sq km is roughly the area between Frankfurt, Geneva, Bologna, Vienna, with Köfels at the centre, practically South Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovenia, and North Italy. There must be some other evidence of devastation in such a vast area.
Renzo, Hong Kong
Renzo, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
The extension of the area invoided (1 mln sq km) and the energy of the impact (1 kiloton) don't match: the asteroid had to be a much greater energy to create a suceh extensive damage.
Igor, Turin, Italy
I wonder how a couple of engineers could translate a sumerian tablet.
I attended a few classes of Sumerian at university and I can guarantee that is is pretty a hard work!
Maybe the old thery of Aliens invading the Eath is more valuable... :)
Vittorio, Staines, UK
But Köfels is a very very very long way from where Sodom and Gomorra were. Did the thing bounce?
M.R., Stockport,
It's nothing to do with "religious spin" being put onto natural phenomena. It has to do with people explaining extraordinary natural phenomena in terms that were within their understanding at that time.
Giant frogs and locusts are not mentioned because the plagues of Egypt happened nearly 2000 years later.
Martin, Newmarket, Suffolk
Ha, ha, ha, ha. Good joke, just a pity that it came a day too early. Timing is what makes jokes
dominic, Teddington, Middlesex,
I doubt that an asteroid that has ALREADY fallen is likely to fall again, Ian.
Hazel Murdoch, Whitburn, West Lothian
Has this article been published a day early?
Frank Upton, Solihull,
The biblical Liberalist would say,the story fitted the fact. The meteor passed near the earth until it landed .The nearer it came it scorched the earth in its passage.two(Sodom and Gomora) or more villages were on it's path in the middle east (?)and were destroyed by it's wake.at which point the ancients came to the conclusion that something fishy may have gone on in these villages,and believed it was Gods retribution.Primitive thinking perhaps?
james hazan, huddersfield, uk
This is typical of a perfectly natural phenomena being turned into religious spin and then recorded as a fact of God's wrath for Man's libidinousness. And we are still dumb enough to believe the same today.
Robbie Rohan, Great Chart, Kent, UK
A million square kilometres devastated? That would be an area slightly larger than Egypt, according to Wikipedia.
Was there anything about giant frogs or locusts on that tablet? Or has Clarksonian hyperbole afflicted the normally modest prose of academia?
Roy Hinchliff, Peterborough, England
Half a mile across you say? That'd be some blast. It'd not just have taken out Sodom & Gomorrah. Air blast no doubt. That's why the crater isn't visible from space like the one that took out the dinasaurs....I reckon this is what kick started the last age. They should check that landslide for meteorite fragments & look for smaller craters for a few hundred miles in the vicinity. Afterall a airburst of a half mile wide asteroid would have left a few pockmarks on the landscape. PS I was not being facetious merely scientific.
kevin, Lincoln, UK
Simon - You are right: something in this article doesn't make sense.
According to Wikipedia the Tunguska impact knocked over trees in an area of approx 2,150 square kilometres which was equivalent to approx 10 megaton of TNT. This article claims that 1,000,000 square kilometres was "devastated" which equates to 1 kiloton of TNT. That is a 10,000 times smaller explosion making approx 465 times as much damage (if you compare fallen trees to "devastated") - this maths does not add up!
Viking, Leeds, England
Try telling all this to the biblical literalists.
Andy Armitage, Hebron, Whitland, West Wales, UK
"... more than 1,000 tonnes of TNT exploding".
Just how many noughts are missing from this statement?
Simon Kidner, Swanage, UK
Due to fall again soon no doubt..........................?
Ian Payne, WALSALL,