Mark Henderson, Science Editor
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What have British scientists achieved?
A team at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, led by Lyle Armstrong, has placed the nuclei of human cells into empty cow eggs, to create human-animal embryos known as cytoplasmic hybrids or “cybrids”.
Is it a first?
It is the first time that such embryos have been created in the UK, or anywhere in Europe, using human DNA and eggs from a mammal. A Chinese team, led by Huizhen Sheng of Shanghai Second Medical University, first achieved the feat in 2003, using rabbit eggs.
Human-animal embryos have also been created in Britain before, by a Cambridge University team, by inserting human DNA into frogs’ eggs. The resulting cells, however, are less human-like. Scientists have also long been fertilising hamster eggs with human sperm, to test whether a man’s sperm is capable of penetrating an egg.
What is the research for?
At the moment, the Newcastle group is simply trying to make cybrids to refine the best techniques. In the longer term, the goal is to create them with DNA from patients with conditions such as motor neuron disease and diabetes.
These would produce embryonic stem cells carrying genetic defects that contribute to these diseases, providing powerful cell models for understanding their progress and developing new drugs.
Why not use human eggs?
Human eggs are in very short supply, because it is impossible to collect them without a small risk to the women who donate them. Scientists have thus turned to animal eggs as an alternative.
How human are these embryos?
In genetic terms, they are 99.9 per cent human, as all their nuclear DNA comes from the human donor. Only a very small amount of animal DNA is left over, in cellular power plants called mitochondria.

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Just because some will be governed by ancient teachings put forward by men who believe themselves to be speaking on behalf of God does not mean that the rest of us should be held back from progress. This technology really is the next step in scientific progress and could alleviate the suffering of millions- surely this appeals to Christians? It does not mean cloning or torture of humans but simply a collection of non-sentient cells left over from reproductive technologies being put to a good use. Do not impose your beliefs on the rest of us and hold us back in the dark ages with you!
Kate, London,
I am astonished that we have allowed this type of research to go ahead. I am convinced that life begins once a zygote has been made. What right have we to use this newly created life for our own ends? It is quite shocking that work on adult stem cells has been sidelined, and that the supposed potential benefits from such hybrid embryos is still a long long way off. I want this type of research stopped.
Dr Mike Viccary, Cross Hills, Keighley, North Yorkshire
I don't really understand the fuss with this. It is nucleic cloning of an adult organism in a "surrogate" egg to exploit the machinery of the cell to produce useful byproducts, in this case a very small ball of cells that exhibit flexibility to become different sorts of body cells. It isn't the first step to cow-people or sentient extra from the Instrumentality of Mankind, no matter how much hot air is blown by the ignorant and/or anti-intellectual lobbies.
What is the real basic difference between this and growing patient skin into sheets ex vivo for skin grafting?
If there are no experiments of this type on the mechanisms involved in all aspects of the biological machine then we may as well all go and sit in a corner of a field and wait for some god or other to strike us dead.
Darran, Retford,
Mankind need only believe he has successfully ascended to the holy place on determining the fate of human lives that rightfully belongs to God and he will accept the deception that he is filling some kind of void or even replacing God. Once started down this path should we be surprised if God answers in His way? We have seen the results from removing God in Western societies and if man believes he has succeeded in his "ascension" may God deliver His wrath accordingly. Fools! This isn't the first encounter of this type in history, and the old saying is true: those who fail to learn from history are bound to repeat its mistakes. Those jumping on the science bandwagon touting benefits of this sort of manipulation are the most deceived of the whole lot. Science can serve to unlock the mysteries of life, but this crosses the line with a tagline that it can benefit everyone. Seeing the scientific 50% you want to see does not make the moral 50% any less relevant in this discussion. Fools!
Randal Bird, Snohomish, Washington, USA
I disagree with J Tills. The psychological manipulation I see is that played by Cardinal O'Brien with his reference to experiments of "Frankenstein proportion". The Cardinal should read more science journals and watch fewer Boris Karloff films.
Des, Edinburgh,
Slowly, one by one, the societally-determined barriers to the creation and raising of true human-animal hybrids are being dismantled. This is psychological manipulation played to a tee.
J Tills, London, UK