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The remains of the largest asteroid impact crater known anywhere in the solar system have been identified on Mars, explaining the origin of the lowland basin that dominates the planet's northern hemisphere.
The vast depression, which covers an area about the size of Asia, Australia and Europe put together, was carved out about four billion years ago — very soon after the formation of the solar system — when Mars was struck by an object with a diameter of between half and two thirds the size of the Moon, research has suggested.
The collision gave rise to the Borealis basin, which covers 40 per cent of the planet's surface and measures aproximately 5,300 by 6,600 miles (8,500km by 10,600km).
The next largest impact craters known to man are the Hellas basin in Mars's southern hemisphere, and the South Pole-Aitken basin on the Moon.
A bigger impact occurred when Earth was struck soon after its formation, producing clouds of debris that formed the Moon, but it was so catastrophic that there is no evidence left.
The findings, published in the journal Nature by an international team of scientists, promise to explain one of Mars's most mysterious qualities — the way in which its highland and lowland areas have different geology.
In the flat, low-lying plains of the northern Borealis basin, the crust is about 15 miles thinner than in the upland regions on the rest of the planet.
The impact hypothesis was first proposed in 1984 by Steve Squyres, of Cornell University, who now leads Nasa's Mars Rover team, but it had largely fallen from favour with planetary scientists because of a lack of evidence.
It has now been revived by a new computer-assisted analysis of the Borealis basin, which shows its underlying shape to be elliptical and consistent with formation as an impact crater.
Jeffrey Andrews-Hanna, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a leader of the study team, said: “We haven't proved the giant-impact hypothesis, but I think we've shifted the tide. The majority of the evidence is now in favour of the giant impact.”
Francis Nimmo, of the University of California Santa Cruz, another team member, said: “It's a very old idea, but nobody had done the numerical calculations to see what would happen when a big asteroid hits Mars. The impact would have to be big enough to blast the crust off half of the planet, but not so big that it melts everything.”
One of the main problems with the impact hypothesis was that the basin is not roughly circular, as are most impact craters. Craters can also be elliptical if an object strikes at an angle of about 45 degrees, but the basin did not look this shape from orbit, either.
New analysis of Martian geology, using data from spacecraft such as Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, has now shown that the basin is actually elliptical, but that this shape has been partially obscured by volcanic activity along one part of the rim. The object must have struck at an angle of between 30 and 60 degrees, the analysis suggests.
“An impact is really the only mechanism that can produce these large-scale elliptical depressions, these large holes in the ground,” said Dr Andrews-Hanna. The research adds another incident to a growing list of impacts that shaped the planets. “The early solar system was a very dangerous place to be a planet,” added Dr Andrews-Hanna.

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Is this a really stupid question but... where did the meteorite go? Was it made of ice or something? If not surely it would be embedded in the side of the planet like a marble in a (round) mango?
Or was it super explosive and is actually just the size of a football!?
(another) victoria, London, UK
There is no giant. Four elephants stant on the back of the turtle.
Jamie, Lonfon, UK
It's possible that a giant impact caused the martian crustal dichotomy. So what's new other than that we have a better idea of what size impactor might have done it? We're no closer to knowing what actually did cause it.
Jamie, Bolton, UK
"A bigger impact occurred when Earth was struck soon after its formation, producing clouds of debris that formed the Moon, but it was so catastrophic that there is no evidence left."
How does that work?
Is this just a way of saying its a total guess that the moon formed in this way?
Ed, London, UK
"A bigger impact occurred when Earth was struck soon after its formation, producing clouds of debris that formed the Moon, but it was so catastrophic that there is no evidence left."
Yes there is - there's the Moon.
Richard Briscoe, Amersham, England
Talking of "pothole budget's" mentioned by "Billy" , I dont think that Surrey even has a budget, or at least one that they use as there are many,many potholes in the county that are never ever filled.
Simon, Woking, Surrey
Perhaps the asteroid would be hauled in front of a tribunal for being especially predisposed towards Europeans and North Africans...
James Cullup, Oxford,
Bang goes the entire South of England's pothole budget!
Billy Carlin, Paisley, Scotland
j brun, ballymena, ireland - You need to get out more
Tony Lane, London,
Carlsberg don't do meteorite impacts - but if they did.......
Dave St Peters, london,
The craters in the Earth are filled with sea water, its shows planets are gobbled by the Sun, as the planets are going nearer the Sun, the water has dried up.one day planet by planet will be devoured by the Sun slowly in a billions of years.
Raghu, Mysore, India
This is rubbish - we all know the earth is a bowl, and is held on the Shoulders of a giant standing on a turtle.
Dave, Romford, UK
@ Victoria, Oxford. The moon has a lower density than earth, indicating that it is composed of the sort of material found in the crust of the earth (as confirmed by Apollo). The moon has very little iron, as it mostly stayed with the earth after the impact as it had settled to the core by that time.
Henry, Graz, Austria
Victoria,
i think they've contradicted themselves- the evidence is the moon itself!
gareth, northwich, uk
An impact like that (deep to the core) there will be no Earth anymore. A cluster of asteroids maybe. I am going to repair my spaceship right now...
Fernando, Lisbon, Portugal
Fernando Cruz, Lisbon, Portugal
"A bigger impact occurred when Earth was struck soon after its formation, producing clouds of debris that formed the Moon, but it was so catastrophic that there is no evidence left."
Anyone else curious as to how they know about this when there's no evidence left?
Victoria, Oxford,
I wouldn't be surprised if the artist who created the graphic was British. It is a bloody British website, after all.
Chris, Worthing, England
j brun, ballymena, ireland..
ROFL - it's the way you tell 'em!!!
Paul, New Forest,
I wonder whether Stanfords offers a spinning-globe model, suitable for a desk-top.
H. P. Flitman, Bloomington, Ind., U.S.A.
If signs are found of quondam life on Mars, then asteroid fears on earth take on a whole new face. The poor globe could one day disappear like the eight ball in the corner pocket.
Eugene, heidelberg, germany
O the wonder of creation ! And to think that God has given us these things to ponder in our tiny minds, that we might incline our hearts back to Himself through His beloved Son who created the heavens and the entire universe as He knows it and for us to marvel at !
j brun, ballymena, ireland
Thank God it would have just missed us!
Dave Morgan, Portree, Scotland
Questions such as "wouldn't magma fill the hole?" and "why isn't the water pouring in?" - I think the artist is just depicting the scale of how massive the crater is...
Niall Orr, Sydney, Australia
tsk! tsk!
George Kosinski, Grassy Creek, USA
Actually Ireland says yes to Lisbon, on second count.
Eamon, Dublin, Ireland
With that much mass removed from one side of our big marble, would we all wobble?
Ben, Whangarei, New Zealand
Yeah, it has just caught Germany as well so must be British. It looks like it wiped out Swindon too - probably caused about 200 pounds worth of damage!!
J, Sydney,
Crater is likely a misnomer to dumb down for the public. Think "impact feature", as yes, a feature such as this would get filled rapidly by molten cores, especially the sloppy jiggly nature of the planets 4B years ago.
Billy, Houston,
why isnt all the water pouring into the hole ?.
paul cosentino, Cairns, Au
You might want to tell the artist that the Earth has a molten core, with only a thin solid crust.
Mark, Auckland,
If you look a little closer, or get to know a map of the UK, you will see that Cornwall has in fact been totally obliterated by the crater.
John, London,
If the crater was that deep, wouldn't it be filled with magma from the center of the planet?
Rob H., Oxford,
That crater would have been a great place to chuck all our rubbish.
Mike, Brighton, England
Interesting graphic of how the earth would look...am guessing the the individual who created it is British, what with the crater seemingly positioned just of the Cornish coast.
Grinnic, London,