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We all like to think that our political views are shaped by our personal experiences and by deep reflection on the great issues of the day. Yet research suggests that they may also be influenced by our biology.
An experiment in the United States has revealed that a person’s political leanings tend to correspond remarkably closely with physiological traits, indicating that nature, as well as nurture, could play a defining role.
The positions people take on a range of “hot button” issues in US politics, including Iraq, gun control, the death penalty and abortion rights, can be predicted accurately from the way their bodies respond to frightening stimuli, scientists say.
While the results do not prove that biology moulds liberal or conservative beliefs, they suggest that it could be an important factor. A likely explanation is that genetic differences in brain activity may affect bodily responses and political outlooks.
The findings, from a team led by Douglas Oxley, of the University of Nebraska, are consistent with previous studies, which found that political beliefs are highly heritable.
Identical twins, who share all their genes, are more likely to have similar views on current affairs and social issues than fraternal twins, who share a similar upbringing but only a proportion of their DNA.
A strong role for biology may explain why people change their core beliefs so rarely.
In the study, the scientists recruited 46 volunteers living in Lincoln, Nebraska, all of whom had strong political beliefs. They were asked for their opinions on a wide variety of controversial issues. All the questions concerned social or international issues, rather than economic matters.
The participants were then given two laboratory tests, to establish their physiological responses to frightening or unexpected stimuli. In the first test, they viewed 33 images, three of which were distressing or threatening: a large spider on the face of a frightened person; a dazed person with a bloody face; and maggots in an open wound. The scientists measured the electrical conductance of the skin, a standard measure of distress and arousal.
In the second test, the volunteers were subjected to a loud, unexpected noise, with scientists measuring the involuntary blinking that followed. A strong startle response is indicative of heightened fear and arousal. The results, which are published in the journal Science, revealed significant differences in both responses, which corresponded with people’s political views. Those with “markedly lower physical sensitivity to sudden noises and threatening visual images” tended to support liberal positions, while those with strong responses tended to be more conservative.
This would fit with the hypothesis that people who have more fearful responses to perceived threats are more likely to be conservative, while those who have weaker responses develop more liberal views.
The scientists considered it likely that “physiological responses to generic threats and political attitudes on policies related to protecting the social order may both derive from a common source”. This was unlikely to be indoctrination by parents and peer-groups, they said, because involuntary reflexes could be altered only with systematic training, which usually involves punishment. More probable was that political outlook and startle responses were affected by differences in brain activity, possibly in the amygdala region, which processes emotions such as fear and disgust. “Amygdala activity is also crucial in shaping responses to socially threatening images, and may be connected to political predispositions,” they said.

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In the late sixties and early seventies fear ran rampant about the liberals with headbands and the straight people. It proved to be a prosperous, decisive time and nobody died, almost.
Louise Bristow, New York, USA
No sense, no feeling
RIChris, Hope, RI,
In the US, liberal/conservative have different meanings from the UK. Re: war, well US conservatives were big supporters of the Iraq invasion, yet stayed away in droves when soldiers were needed to fight it. What does that say about their fear levels? Quite a bit, I'd say.
Michael Powe, Naugatuck, CT, USA
When people say liberals are afraid of war, I think that is true. Any sane person is afraid of war. They are afraid of the horror of war itself.. If the US went to war for valid reasons you would have many less "scared" liberals. The justification of war would outweigh the fear.
Eric, orlando,
The UK Govt reportedly employs global management consultants who employ psychologists to administer the management consultants' set psychological tests to sift for suitable candidates for executive & other roles in the public sector, eg,the NHS. The global consultancy could be politically
biased.
Joan Moira Peters, Whangarei , temp o/seas in New Zealand
While this study can't really show cause-and-effect with regard to "nature vs. nurture," the similarity of participants in an experimental study being more similar is actually a good thing. Also, it's not a survey, but given the comments, it sure seems like many conservatives here are very scared.
Carson, Athens, USA
I'd say Stan pretty much nailed the "war" issue. I don't know what a social con might look like in the UK but I know what they look like in the states and this study fits to a T the neocons I know of. The only thing they're tough on is hardball legislation, and a bit deficient on personal courage.
Jeremy D., Waterloo IA, USA
I would say that conservatives do not "deal with war better"? They are certainly more easily frightened into starting a war. It's the fear that makes them willing to send someone else's children to defend themselves. Cool headed, thinking types (liberals) are not that easily manipulated.
Stan, Roanoke, USA
Just because you don't like it doesn't mean it's wrong. This correlation is a reflection of the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which has already been shown in other studies to be more reactive in groups that comprise many social conservatives. Really. It's the truth. Like dinosaurs.
Tim, Fairbanks, AK, USA
So, then why would conservatives deal with war better? It's liberals that seem to be scared of war.
Neal Campbell, Dallas,
Does anyone else suspect the "scientists" were just grad students who had to come up with this "study" as a term project, on the final weekend of the term? I'm not impressed by a population of less than fifty all from the same city.
Clinton Bates, Dallas, USA
This study tells us what we knew: that conservatism is based on fear. However, the established correlation doesn't imply that the vulnerability to fear-reactions is the effect of genetic make-up and the cause of conservative views. These are just assumptions. Maybe conservatism generates fear...
Joao Bosco, Porto, Portugal
Reading the comments on the article I understand the view the Darwinism is not taught well enough.If it were, maybe the naysayers would expend a little imagination and relate our evolution to the results of this study.
robert everitt, wolverhampton,
Ah yes that clearly world wide representative group that lives in Lincoln Nebraska - the home of international and ethnic diversity, supporting a wide range of different views and beliefs.
Oh wait no that isnt right. (no offence intended to Lincoln residents but not likely to give a diverse group.
Douglas Mortimer, Tutamkari, UK
While it would be nice to think that I am less fearful, therefore less prone to pragmatic behaviour, as apparently a conservative is, I don't believe this study. My responses are set by my environment and experiences in life, which is surely the 'systematic training' that is talked about here.
kim, London,
Rubbish! Ten years of Nulab has turned lots of liberals into right wing conservatives.
Before Blair voting conservative would be like breaking my teeth, now I can't wait to get rid of the left.
lord S, Nottingham, Uk
But surely it's my fearful nature which enables me to instantly see the gaping flaw in any policy, left, right, centre, anarchist, authoritarian, off the wall, OMRLP, whatever.
These 46 Nebraskans clearly don't represent me. I doubt they're representative of anyone, much.
Ian Kemmish, Biggleswade, UK
If this is true then I would encourage conservative men to contact the nearest fertility clinic and sign up to be sperm doners!
Mike McNew, Eugene, USA
Baloney. I think of Nancy Hopkins who claimed she was about to faint when Larry Summers wondered why more women were not in the higher sciences. That was a Harvard, ie Liberal experience. And then there is that woman Sarah Palin, a conservative, I believe, who I don't think would faint over anything
obeara, sarasota, usa
Is that also why most people who smoke pot tend to be liberal....they don't startle much anymore? Perhaps they are self-medicating so they can take a more "politically correct" view of the world.
M Velasco, Austin, USA
What even counts as a "liberal" versus a "conservative"? If you talked with me about government policy on social issues, I would be considered a liberal. If you talked with me about government policy on economic issues, I would be considered extremely conservative. If you talked with me about personal social views, you might consider me liberal if I was in the south (where I currently live) or conservative if I lived in NYC (where I grew up).
Unless they spell out what counts as conservative or liberal, I'm thinking this study might be bogus.
Jim W, Tallahassee, FL, USA
Surely what was measured was sensitivity itself and also empathy, since the three pictures presented no direct threat to the viewer. Also startle response does not equate fear. Therefore it is wrong to try and twist the meaning of the results to indicate greater or lesser fear in an individual.
Joan Moira Peters, Whangarei UK Citizen, temp o/seas in New Zealand
Does this explain why liberals tend to wet their panties and run away and hide whenever a Muzzie gets "offended" by a cartoon?
Dan Johnson, Cambridge , Mass