Lewis Smith, Science Reporter
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Organs from pigs could be widely available for transplanting into patients in a decade, Lord Winston said yesterday.
The first organs suitable for transplanting, most likely kidneys, are expected to be ready within three years and, if tests are successful, their use could be widespread by 2018.
A herd of as few as 50 pigs is expected to be kept as breeding stock to provide organs “to order” and to slash waiting times for thousands of people needing transplants.
Professor Winston, of Imperial College, London, and his collaborator, Carol Readhead, of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, are leading research into transplanting animal organs into people.
They are attempting to breed pigs that have been genetically modified so that porcine organs are accepted by the human body instead of being immediately rejected.
Human immune systems are quick to react to “foreign bodies” but the scientists are confident that they are close to modifying the genetic make-up of pigs to “humanise” their organs and make animal-to-human transplants possible.
The humanisation process of the organs is expected to be achieved by breeding genes into the pigs, probably by injecting them directly into the parent boar’s testicles, that provoke a greatly reduced response in the patient’s immune system.
Patients who received pig organs would have to take immune suppressant drugs for the rest of their lives, but no more than those who received organ transplants from other people.
Dr Readhead said it was comparatively easy to bring about such genetic modification in mice, but the process is much harder in pigs and other large animals.
A “mini-pig” weighing about 100kg has been selected for the research because, while a quarter of the size of most of those grown for the meat industry, they are big enough to have organs of a similar size to adult human beings.
Pigs are regarded as ideal for animal-to-human transplants, xenotransplantation, and other research because of the similarity in the physiological make-up and because they get many of the same diseases, such as diabetes.
Dr Readhead said: “Our interest was to try to make transgenic pigs for biomedical research to understand human diseases better and eventually to try to make their organs suitable for xenotransplantation.”
Professor Winston said that “organs that might be transplantable” could be ready “within two to three years” and on the basis that research went smoothly they would be fully licensed and tested in as little as ten years. He expected the first “proof of principle” pigs to be bred next year.
Two months ago he hit out at the “red tape” blocking the project’s progress in Britain. Under UK and EU rules, his team has been banned from mating and producing offspring from the transgenic pigs. Research in developing transgenic pigs is now likely to move to the US where the regulatory system is more relaxed.
The new strain of pig, which once established would retain its genetic modifications from generation to generation, is expected to take £3 million to develop over the next five years.
He said that transplants were one of several potential benefits from the research. Others include enabling drugs which today have to be tested on people during late development phases to be tested on animals, avoiding reactions such as that suffered during trials at Northwick Park Hospital in 2006 when six volunteers almost died. Dr Readhead said kidneys are likely to be the first pig organs that researchers attempt to transplant into a sick human. “The kidney is a really good candidate,” she said. “There’s a huge shortage and it would make a big difference.”

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This research is a sign of the times as technology advances. It is regulated and monitored and should be allowed to continue.
Good luck to Professor Winston and his team with their amazing research.
Rachel Campbell, Darlington, UK
Each transplant has given me the opportunity to continue living, anabled me to get married, persue a career, return to the workforce and get insurance so that I no longer have to rely on Govmt. money. I now have a husband, job, insurance, a house and a longer life than I ever dreamed possible
Maria, Lexington, KY, USA
i have two diabetc children and i wish all the best to the teams leading this project, hopefully we see pancreas transplant soon. God bless.
Taleb, london, UK
For good or bad the brave new world creeps foward every day.
P conlon, Nowood, Ohio, USA
Hey!
Wait a minute, Pigs only live about 8 years, max of about 10 years. What happens to the pigs kidney in you then?
Can anyone answer that, what kills the pigs so early anyway
Martin Smith, Reading, Berks
Adds a whole new dimension to the old saying "in a pig's eye".
Dennis, Raleigh NC, USA
I received a pig valve to replace my main heart valve 6 years ago. I take no drugs whatsoever, and the beat, as heard through a stethoscope,is indistinguishable from a normal human valve. I run a carpet cleaning business and work exceedingly physically hardand,yes, I do sweat like a pig.Go forth.
Michael Wadsworth, Wigan, England
Is this kosher?
Eldras Ellis, london, uk
That you may be afflicted with a disease that effects an organ does not give you a right to mine. What I chose to do with my body when I die is my business. The government doesn't own me and they don't have the right to decide what to do with my remains.
jtcade, easton, usa
This already happened; see Al Franken in Minnesota, USA
Jim, Anderson, USA
Not to mention the millions of babies aborted every year, Dwight. It will be decades before the first complex organ is grownt from stem cells. Just outside the envelope are heart valves grown on a shaping scafold from existing muscle cells. Whole organs? not in my lifee time, maybe late in yours.
garrett, Louisville, CO, USA
Lord Winston might care to read this scientific paper which was published over 12 years ago.
"Cozzi E, White DJG. (1995) The Generation of Transgenic Pigs as Potential Organ Donors for Humans. Nature Med: 1 (9) 964-966."
I hope he has better luck with the regulatory authorities than we did.
David White, London, Canada
Dwight, from what you sis says, anything would be an improvement.
Harry, San Antiono, Tx, USA
Nostradamus predicted that within this century we would utilize pig organs, and that eventually most humans will be made up of these parts and live much longer. Progress can be exciting but scary. Should we mess with the parts we were given?
Miranda, Key West, USA
I am sorry to brake it to you Becky but the American Medical Community are not leading the world in porcine organ transplant.
Porcine valve insertion is common place all over the world and has been for some time.
Implanting an organ is a totally different matter to using inert connective tissue.
Tim, London, uk
Seems like a great idea to save people. I do hope they can clone human parts one day, which woudl be the best solution.
SP, Nashville, USA
The American medical community in the US is already using pig organs to treat patients. Last week my father had a heart valve replaced with a "tissue valve," a pig's heart valve from a company called Medtronic. Dad's surgeons said they personally do 5-6 surgeries like this per month.
Becky, Grand Rapids, USA
As a kidney patient waiting on a transplant, and having had a previous transplant, I would also be happy to accept a pigs organ for transplantation. My only concern is that while the supply of organs increases, will the funding to carry out these additional transplants be available?
Brian, Fife, UK
I had heart surgery 1 1/2 years ago and have a pig valve. I took no anti-rejection drugs, and other than for the fact I "oink" once in awhile everything has gone wonderfully well. Good luck to researchers!!! Great informative article.
Basil Kakafoochie, Boston Ma, USA
That is nice that Sarah has her "new" kidney, not everyone is so lucky. Having had a father who waited 4 years for his kidney and watching him suffer as a dialysis patient with infection after infection, I can tell you this is much needed science!
Rob, Kensington, USA
To Sarah: As someone who is waiting for a kidney I would gladly take a pig organ. Stem cell research may in fact provide organs, but it won't be any time soon, certainly not 3 years. What's really absurd is millions of people being buried with organs that could save lives.
Lenny Sword, Cape Coral, FL, USA
Pigs are the closest match to humans in terms of organ compatibility. If your brother or sister needed a heart or kidney transplant to survive - your attitudes would change. Why absurd? Humans already transplant their own organs and we eat the meat from these animals on a daily basis, why the issue?
Maya, London, UK
This is not only absurd and dangerous, but totally unnecessary!!!
The medical community is making major breakthroughs in stem cell treatments, including growing organs from scratch. It's coming! As a kidney transplant recipient, I'd MUCH rather have my own kidney than a pigs. Wasted money.
Sarah, SF, USA
It's a paradox of the human condition that this species will go to great lengths to save the individual, yet is prepared to sacrifice millions on the battlefield. Does this research mean that in ten years time, I'll be able to order a curly dick?
Dwight Vandryver, Scholar Green, UK
A little known fact ... Poor people don't get Hearts, Lungs or Kidneys, these parts are not sold ... but the only way you will ever get an Organ, is if you have the insurance or cash to afford the Doctors and the Drugs ... a "Viable" candidate has both, and otherwise good health and sanity ...
Michael, Sparks, NV, USA
Gordon Brown has already made a pigs ear of the post of Prime minister
Terry Henderson, Manchester, Greater Manchester
There's already a solution to the organ shortage problem. Let people sell their organs to the highest bidder. Iran is the only country in the world that does it and the only country without a wait list for organs. But maybe it's more ethical to let people die or to FORCE people to give up organs.
Alex, Santa Clara, CA, US of A