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While ethnic bloodletting has haunted its neighbours, Kenya has long enjoyed a reputation as one of the most stable nations in east Africa.
Since winning independence from the UK in 1963, it has built up a booming tourist industry, seen impressive economic growth, and given off an impression of happy co-existence. The extreme ethnic violence verging on civil war that has broken out following the December 27 election has shocked many Kenyans, who feel that their country is "not the kind of place where things like this happen".
But tensions among Kenya's 42 ethnic groups are a permanent feature of daily life. Kenyans claim they can tell the different tribes apart by the colour of their skin and their names. Members of President Kibaki's tribe, the Kikuyu, have lighter skin then those of rival opposition leader Raila Odinga's Luo tribe. Kikuyu names begin with K, M or N. Luo names often begin with O.
It is well known among expats and diplomats that if you hire household staff, they must be members of allied tribes or, even better, the same tribe.
Conversations are scattered with the kind of casual stereotypes that hide more deep-seated prejudices. Luos drive expensive cars, but live in the backseat. Kikuyus own second-hand cars, then drive them home to their mansions. The Masai sell their cars for cattle.
And this is not the first time that the political process has enflamed these latent tensions. In 1992 and 1997, election-time clashes between rival tribes left more than 2,000 people dead. In the 1970s, the assassinations of two politicians, Tom Mboya and J.M. Kariuki, sparked violent backlashes from their respective tribes.
This most recent outbreak of ethnic violence only confirms that tribal bonds in Kenya remain stronger than national identity, and political and ethnic loyalties remain inextricably linked.
The Kikuyu is Kenya's largest - and traditionally most powerful - ethnic group, comprising 22 per cent of Kenya's 36 million population. It wields great economic power and has long been seen as the country's ruling class. Like Mr Kibaki, Kenya's first post-independence leader, Jomo Kenyatta, President from 1964 until 1978, was also a Kikuyu.
Many tribes feel that they have suffered under Mr Kibaki's five-year Kikuyu-centric rule. For Kenya's third largest tribe, the Luo, opposition leader Mr Odinga, also a Luo, represented a brighter, fairer future. The Luo heartland is in western Kenya but many of Nairobi's most notorious slums, such as Kibera, have huge, desperate Luo populations.
Much of the campaigning by Mr Odinga and Mr Kibaki in the run up to last week's election contained direct and indirect ethnic appeals, with phrases such as "It is our time to eat" indicating to voters that if a member of their tribe became President, they could expect to reap the benefits.
Voting was almost entirely along tribal lines, with some areas in the Kikuyu heartland of central Kenya recording almost 97 per cent of votes for Mr Kibaki.
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to my fellow africans: two points;
1. I wish the article at hadnwere written by a Kenyan Journalist. The fact of ethnic tension, whether exploited by politicians or not, is real.
2. I agree that South is NEXT, especially after the last unthinking stupid ANC elections. Watch the immaturity and rank emotionlism of that Limpomp conference.
Gwake Nuune, Lusaka, Zambia
I dont believe that ethnicity in Kenya is as high as portrayed in the article. Kenyans have lived together for very long and therefore ethnicity did not emerge in 2007. However, the leaders, especially from the opposition (read:ODM), were 'preaching' ethnicity during campaigns. And in fact at their last rally in Nairobi on 24 Dec 2007, two of the self proclaimed pentagon addressed part of the rally in Luo and Luyhia. This act of incitement has gone unnoticed by the international media for unknown reasons. I wish to point out that its very sad that fellow Kenyans are killing one another but the swearing in of Hon. President Kibaki was the BEST thing that happened to this country. The opposition would have led this country into chaos because of the hate speeches that they used to make. It is not a wonder that the areas where there is alot of fighting are places where the (so called) pentagon members come from.
Be strong Hon. President Kibaki, we are behind you!
A. Odongo, Nairobi, Kenya
The shoe wearer knows where it pinches. Am a disappointed kenyan citizen that my leaders are concerned about rank in power than my life. The good leadership pledged during campaigns is a distant dream. Instead of calling in foreigners to provided them with leadership to sort out the stalemate they should proof they are leaders by serving me with a home-baked solution. My experience is that while sorting out marital problems no one invites the neighbour to come and decided whether to divorce or give the relationship another chance. Even where a marriage counsellor is invited the couple chooses whether or not to follow the advise. Further more the consellor is only invited when the couple has failed in their attempt to sort the matter on their own. My two leaders and all kenyans should remember that Charity Begins at Home. No stranger can feel the pain more than the victim. Peace and Prosperity of Kenya will flourish despite our friends and foes. Long live Kenya. Lydia -Nanyuk
lydia macharia, NANYUKI, KENYA
The truth is that tribal tensions flare in Kenya only when they are fanned by politicians seeking power. The average Kenyan does not care. We go to school and church together, live side by side and intermarry without much ado. I always find it interesting that people point out that Kenyatta was the president from 1963 to 1978 and conveniently fail to point out that Moi (a non-kikuyu) was president from 1978 to 2002. The strategic omission is only made so as to support the illusion that Kikuyus have somehow maintained a dynasty since independence. Unfortunately, when the dust settles it is only the very poor particularly those in the slum areas who will be left destitute. Pawns in the tug-of-war for political power.
Geshi, Nairobi,
If my (Manyata) is burning do one really care about his or her neighbours!
Kenya was one of the big brains behind the distraction of my Homeland (Somalia) and your president (Moi) than was enjoying every bit of it.
So I SAY GO ON Odinga and get your right...
Majid Ombio, London, Uk
Mr Kibaki was sworn as a president with the hour after he was declared the winner.Where has he been for past 4-5 days.He should be out on the street to control the violence as he was on the street begging for the votes.
D.K. Shah, harrow, uk
While I agree to some extent the existance of tribal rivary among the Luo and Kikuyu tribes , this is common not only in Africa but all over the world. In the U.K you have Scottish, Welsh.. e.t.c they differ one can tell by there colour, skin or even eyes. Same with the USA , you have the Red-Necks and the Yankees, this reflects itself in the presidential elections. Hard to deny , in the developing world democracy is a new phenomenon, in which hard to achieve perfection due to poor resources to establish institutions. The bellies of the people are empty, they need to be fed first in order to accept democracy. The Mau-Mau freedom fighters were Kikuyus - they had an upperhand in the struggle for independence. The first president was Kenyatta -a kikuyu. In that he flourishes his ethnic followers in terms of business, farms,education and civil services jobs opportunity. That lead to the continued prosperity among Kikuyus as compared wth the Luos, Luhiya, kamba ethnics .Envied by others.
Mohamed Basmeir, Messachussets, USA
Tribes and tribalism are racist concept used to describe Black African ethnic nationalities. When it concerns Black Africans, a people of over 5 million and even up to 40 million are described as tribes, but when it comes to white people, they are ethnic nationalities.Each of the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria(Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) is larger in population than all the Scandinavian states(Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark) put together. Whereas the Scandinavian countries each have separate national identities despite the fact that all (apart from Finland) speak different dialects of one language, Nigeria ethnic nationalities with populations ranging from 5 to 40 million each and completely separate languages and cultures are lumped together as tribes that make up one country.Clearly, we Black Africans are to blame for failing to redefine ourselves! Despite having achieved independences since 50 years ago, we are still unable to totally decolonise our minds and our existence.
John Iteshi, London, UK
South Africa soon...........
Felix, Seattle, USA