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The UN Security Council tonight authorised up to 26,000 troops and police for Darfur in an effort to protect civilians and quell violence in Sudan’s vast arid western region.
The decision, expected to cost more than $2 billion in the first year, crowns Gordon Brown's first overseas trip as Prime Minister with a diplomatic triumph.
The draft resolution, sponsored by the UK and France, was approved just hours after Mr Brown delivered an impassioned speech at UN headquarters and after China and Russia swung behind the initiative.
It commits the UN to the world's largest peacekeeping operation in one of its most hostile and unhappy regions.
The combined United Nations-African Union operation aims to quell violence in Darfur, where more than 2.1 million people have been driven into camps and an estimated 200,000 have died over the last four years.
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon described the resolution as “historic” and urged member states to offer “capable” troops quickly.
The resolution, number 1769, invokes Chapter 7 of the UN Charter, under which the United Nations can authorise force.
The measure allows the use of force to be used for self defence, to ensure the free movement of humanitarian workers and to protect civilians under attack.
But the resolution, which has been watered down several times, no longer allows the new force to seize and dispose of illegal arms. Now they can only monitor such weapons.
Gone also is a threat of future sanctions, but Gordon Brown warned on Tuesday that “if any party blocks progress and the killings continue, I and others will redouble our efforts to impose further sanctions.
“The plan for Darfur from now on is to achieve a cease-fire, including an end to aerial bombings of civilians; drive forward peace talks ... and, as peace is established, offer to begin to invest in recovery and reconstruction."
The resolution calls on UN member states to finalise their contributions to the new force, called UNAMID or the United Nations-African Union Mission in Darfur, within 90 days. The resolution provides for up to 19,555 soldiers and 6,432 civilian police to be brought into the force - including the 7,000 AU troops - under-equipped and under-financed - already in Darfur.
Sudan, after months of hesitation, has agreed to the troop numbers but UN officials expect it will take a year to get the force in place. Khartoum also has to agree to allow individual units into the country.
Infantry soldiers will be drawn mainly from African nations, with Nigeria and Rwanda both expected to take leading roles. Personnel from elsewhere in the world are expected to be used for specialised engineering roles and in the force headquarters.
The United States is restricting its contribution to transporting troops to Darfur and helping to pay for the operation, while Britain's contribution will be mostly financial, with some logistical help.
As well as addressing Darfur in his speech, Mr Brown evoked the words of President John F. Kennedy to call for a new "coalition of justice" - in the spirit of Kennedy's Peace Corps - to help the world meet the UN's Millennium Development Goals, which in many cases are drifting off target.
"In 1960, here in America, President John Kennedy called for a peace corps - an international commitment to harness the idealism many felt in the face of threats to human progress and world peace. Today we should evoke the same spirit to forge a coalition for justice," he said.
"And when conscience is joined to conscience, moral force to moral force, think how much our power to do good can achieve," he told the invited audience of government officials, NGO delegates and business leaders. "Governments, business, scientists, engineers, doctors, nurses, charities and faith groups coming together to make globalisation a force for justice on a global scale."
"It’s time to call it what it is, a development emergency which needs emergency action."
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The only solution to the crisis in Darfur is a political one. All of this is pointless unless North Sudan and the insurgency in Darfur come to the table (as well as South Sudan) and figure out what they want for their future.
Until the Africans realize that much of the problems in Africa are of their own doing, they shouldn't depend on foreign intervention as a means to solved their problems.
I'm not all that impressed by the history of France, England and the US of the African continent. Africans saw themselves enslaves, their recources exploited and drowned in debt by the "Enlightened" Western powers ... which all still exists today. The US receives 20% of their oil from the awful regime in Nigeria. If Americans really had morals and values, they would call their congress to put sanctions on Nigeria and stop supplying arms to some of the most repressive regimes in the world including Saudi Arabia, Eygypt and Jordan. Britian and France are no different.
Troy, Chicago,
Robinson, Cambridge.
I think the moral posturing is on Brown's part as I don't believe he has a tin hat in his wardrobe. The unfortunate pawns on the ground may have to face death in a struggle the neither care about nor understand. The conflict in Darfur is complicated and already made more so by the intervention of western interests. Mr Blair's Chicago doctrine is being assiduously followed by Mr Brown, reducing complex situations to good versus evil narratives in to which a bankrupt political class can project it's bogus moral rectitude - by force!
Dave Humphrey, Manchester,
About time we try to seek an end to the atrocities in Darfur. A shame though, that the ever powerless UN decides on a no sanction, no real power solution. Theres an obligation connected to ability. Leaving the solution to the african nations, who clearly lacks the ability, is leaving the solution all together. Mr. Brown has clearly made a breakthrough, now he needs to make it happen, not just boast about another paper solution.
Carsten Franck, Himmerland, Denmark
Sir,
Some of the ignorant comments beggar belief, as if they have not even bothered to read the article e.g. about religious extremists attempting to assimilate local African populations.
A few points:
1) The native Darfuris are already the SAME religion as the so-called extremists.
2) Both sides are Black Africans, unless we resort to racist anti-Semitism, a similar parallel would be referring to white Western Jews as not being white Europeans or Americans. The Arabians have been there for centuries, are African, and black of hue i.e. indistinguishable from any other Darfuri. The reasons are complex, but include inter-marriage.
3) The civil war started when so-called Darfuris fought over scarce resources with the Darfuri Arabs. Later the neglected Darfuris resorted to terrorism against the state. The Arab-dominated centre then armed its proxy Darfuri "Arab" militias.
4) The Darfuris were losing and the civilian population was a major victim. Arms poured in from outside.
China
SC, London, United Kingdom
Hard to find anything of substance in all of this. Is the situation in England so well in hand, that Brown can go to the U,N, and go on and on about some sort of action which perhaps will be taken, at some time in the undefined future, whilst Tewskbury reels from the stink of untreated sewage and homeowners scramble for a solution to their problem, when a quick solution is just not available ?. Come on, he is working the wrong problem.
wpo, warsaw, n.y.
I certainly hope this is a true start of something good.
But I can't help but feel skeptical.
With over a year until this plan is fully implemented,it's not hard to imagine that it will fall between the cracks, or become minimized to the point of non-existance by the Sudanese government (as has been the case for the past four years).
Leaving the current administration in Sudan when it's clear they are still working with the Janjaweed, undermines any attempt at long term peace in the region. I'm sure it suffices for the SCO and their economic interests in the area, as well as the religious extremists who wish to assimilate local African populations, but that's about all it helps.
Without constant monitoring on this new resolution, and an incremental increase in it's demands, there is little hope for ending the Dafur conflict soon. Let us all make sure this doesn't end like the numerous other attempts at creating peace for the region, stay informed and stay concerned.
Peter, Novasense,
Fair's fair, this is a diplomatic coup for Mr Brown and Mr Sarkozy, the new boys on the international block. At least they're trying. Whingeing about loss of sovereignty like Dave Humphrey seems strange when compared to the genocide that has been occurring in Darfur. This is a UN backed move and deserves our support. Let's hope it succeeds. It certainly puts David Cameron's posing in Rwanda in perspective. I'm sure this was in the back of Brown's mind.
Now let's see our leaders take on the problem of Zimbabwe. This is another case of Africa ignoring their responsibilities for fear of humiliating that 'hero' Mugabe. Should we ignore it too for fear of being called imperialist Mr Humprey? Or should we let millions die content in the knowledge that their sovereignty remained intact? What is the UN for if it cannot intercede where governments fail and people are left to die or are murdered in their thousands?
Paul Owen, Birmingham, UK
I certainly hope this is a true start of something good.
But I can't help but feel skeptical.
With over a year until this plan is fully implemented,it's not hard to imagine that it will fall between the cracks, or become minimized to the point of non-existance by the Sudanese government (as has been the case for the past four years).
Leaving the current administration in Sudan when it's clear they are still working with the Janjaweed, undermines any attempt at long term peace in the region. I'm sure it suffices for the SCO and their economic interests in the area, as well as the religious extremists who wish to assimilate local African populations, but that's about all it helps.
Without constant monitoring on this new resolution, and an incremental increase in it's demands, there is little hope for ending the Dafur conflict soon. Let us all make sure this doesn't end like the numerous other attempts at creating peace for the region, stay informed and stay concerned.
Peter, New JerseyBDubs,
I certainly hope this is a true start of something good.
But I can't help but feel skeptical.
With over a year until this plan is fully implemented,it's not hard to imagine that it will fall between the cracks, or become minimized to the point of non-existance by the Sudanese government (as has been the case for the past four years).
Leaving the current administration in Sudan when it's clear they are still working with the Janjaweed, undermines any attempt at long term peace in the region. I'm sure it suffices for the SCO and their economic interests in the area, as well as the religious extremists who wish to assimilate local African populations, but that's about all it helps.
Without constant monitoring on this new resolution, and an incremental increase in it's demands, there is little hope for ending the Dafur conflict soon. Let us all make sure this doesn't end like the numerous other attempts at creating peace for the region, stay informed and stay concerned.
Peter, New JerseyBDubs,
I heard part of Gordon Brown's speech in which he was talking about aid and medicine. I thought that what he said would have sounded OK coming from Bill Gates or someone similar who has made their own money and is entitled to do with it as they please. But he sounded like he was on some sort of personal crusade using public money which somehow didn't sound quite right.
James, Tiverton, Devon
Well down Brownie! We are proud of you and with you. It is good to see the new face of Britain after that disastrous B-lair.
Khurshid Zaman, St. Petersburg, Florida
i'm from darfur really i'm so happy with this authorised in this night
thanks everybodys , who worked hard to save my civil people in darfur, when troops come up there many pepoles will be saves.
ISSA, ARRAS, France
wonderful effort from a british prime minister !
craig holden , Leicester, England
Can A.U Troops cut the mustard? Would we send troops if we weren't over stretched on two fronts?
Chris, Kings Lynn, Norfolk
Stills sounds like a bit of a fudge with the Chinese trying water the agreement down as much as possible. I understand that it took rumours of possible boycotts of the Beijing Olympics to get them to act, rather than the slaughter of innocent civillians.
Andrew Brown, derby, UK
I certainly hope this is a true start of something good.
But I can't help but feel skeptical.
With over a year until this plan is fully implemented,it's not hard to imagine that it will fall between the cracks, or become minimized to the point of non-exsistance by the Sudanese government (as has been the case for the past four years).
Leaving the current administration in Sudan when it's clear they are still working with the Janjaweed, undermines any attempt at long term peace in the region. I'm sure it suffices for the SCO and their economic interests in the area, as well as the religious extermists who wish to assimilate local African populations, but that's about all it helps.
Without constant monitoring on this new resolution, and an incremental increase in it's demands, there is little hope for ending the Dafur conflict soon. Let us all make sure this doesn't end like the numerous other attempts at creating peace for the region, stay informed and stay concerned.
Peter, New JerseyBDubs,
A diplomatic coup? Pleeease. How is this different than resolution 1706, passed August 31, 2006, except that the Chinese voted for it this time instead of abstaining?
The poor old doddering UN is going to try once again to put "peacekeeping" forces in place. If they do get in place, does anyone seriously think they will use any force to protect anyone?
The Sudan government will find a way to block the disposition of these troops. And what sanctions can Mr. Brown get imposed? The Chinese are getting oil out of Sudan. They are not going to let that get messed up. They are not known for their allegiance to human rights anyway.
If the UN plan works, so much the better. But about the only thing that will work is for Britain, France, Germany, and other Western European countries to simply go in militarily, uninvited, and take over the Darfur area and put a stop to this.
But they won't. European leaders are all bombast, and no action--at least no action that counts.
Terry L. Walker, Ladson, S.C. / USA
More so-called humanitarian intervention leading to a loss of sovereignty in an African state and a military quagmire causing great loss of life. Mr Brown seems as addicted to moral posturing on the world stage as his predecessor. It is far easier to find a good versus evil story in the dark continent than it is to navigate the murkier waters of domestic politics. Billions will be wasted and an African state will lose it's crucial right to self-determination. Brown - Bush will do whatever it takes to rescue their tarnished moral standing from the Iraq debacle and hundreds of thousands more will suffer as well as billions being squandered. They seem as powerless to end this foreign policy posturing as we are. Utterly depressing.
Dave Humphrey, Manchester,
More so-called humanitarian intervention leading to a loss of sovereignty in an African state and a military quagmire causing great loss of life. Mr Brown seems as addicted to moral posturing on the world stage as his predecessor. It is far easier to find a good versus evil story in the dark continent than it is to navigate the murkier waters of domestic politics. Billions will be wasted and an African state will lose it's crucial right to self-determination. Brown - Bush will do whatever it takes to rescue their tarnished moral standing from the Iraq debacle and hundreds of thousands more will suffer as well as billions being squandered. They seem as powerless to end this foreign policy posturing as we are. Utterly depressing.
Dave Humphrey, Manchester,
An uninteresting diatribe Mr Humphrey. I don't think sending 19,000 peace-keepers to Darfur can't be classed as moral posturing.
Robinson, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire
Why are they deleting sections related to seizure and disposal of illegal arms? These people are murdering innocent men, women and children , the carriers of illegal weapons must be disarmed.
I should say though,that i am pleased to see some progress being made on this issue, the nations that can assist have taken to long to seriously respond to the cries of the people of Dafur.
Lets hope this move and the statements by PM Brown and President Sakozy is a sign that world leaders are willing to respond effectively to the world's oppressed citizens.
President Bush's response so far has been pathetic.
Nigel, Hamilton, Bermuda
Mr. Humphrey:
You consider genocide a legitimate exercise of 'self-determination?'
solicitr, Richmond,
More so-called humanitarian intervention leading to a loss of sovereignty in an African state and a military quagmire causing great loss of life. Mr Brown seems as addicted to moral posturing on the world stage as his predecessor. It is far easier to find a good versus evil story in the dark continent than it is to navigate the murkier waters of domestic politics. Billions will be wasted and an African state will lose it's crucial right to self-determination. Brown - Bush will do whatever it takes to rescue their tarnished moral standing from the Iraq debacle and hundreds of thousands more will suffer as well as billions being squandered. They seem as powerless to end this foreign policy posturing as we are. Utterly depressing.
Dave HUmphrey, Manchester,
Brown is making international politics seem really easy. He is doing in one fell swoop what seemed impossible for Blair to do. Distance himself from US, make friends with France, save Africa, make the Muslim community warm to him... But it seems almost too good to be true. Everyone says Blair was the king of spin, yet he didn't really manage to make himself appear in a good light. Whereas Brown, the honest son of a reverend seems to be saving the world. Why did Blair, who seemed so concerned by public opinion, not do the same?
This follows on from an article I read in the Sunday Times, that said that Brown was undoing a lot of the reforms that Blair put in place on domestic affairs such as city academies and NHS reform, as well as increasing taxes and becoming ever more controlling. I think there is more to Brown than meets the eye. I think he also likes good photo opportunities and appearing to be the saviour of the world. Who doesn't I guess
Anjuli Davies, London, London