Catherine Philp
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How do you pray facing Mecca five times a day when you are circling the Earth 16 times every 24 hours? This is one of the problems facing Malaysian authorities as they prepare to send their first man into space.
There are others: how to hold the prayer position in zero gravity, ensure that only halal freeze-dried food makes it into your space cupboard and perform your ritual ablutions before worship? They have all been answered by a team of Islamic scholars and scientists that has spent more than a year working on guidelines for the astronaut.
He will travel to the International Space Station in October on the invitation of Russia for a Malaysian to join its mission, in exchange for a lucrative arms deal.
The Government hailed the mission as an important milestone but religious scholars questioned how a practising Muslim could accommodate worship with the demands of space travel.
Reconciling a religion founded in the deserts of 7th-century Arabia to 21st-century space travel was never going to be easy. The space station travels around the world at 17,000mph (27,400km/h), making Mecca a target in perpetual motion. With 16 orbits a day and five daily devotion sessions determined by times of sunrise and sunset, devout Muslim astronauts could find themselves chanting their prayers as many as 80 times in 24 hours.
There is also the question of water, a valuable commodity in space, but which Muslims require to wash before each prayer session. Then there is the holy month of Ramadan, which falls during the Russian mission. All Muslims are required to abstain from food during daylight hours — but what is daylight in space?
Only two Muslims have so far gone into space — Prince Sultan bin Salman of Saudi Arabia, who travelled on the US shuttle Discovery in 1985, and Anousheh Ansari, an Iranian American space tourist, who went to the space station last year. Both apparently were left to work out their obligations on their own.
Malaysia insists, however, that maintaining Islamic beliefs “is mandatory for Muslims in every situation, time and place”. Mustafa Abdul Rahman, the head of its Department of Islamic Development said: “Circumstances on the ISS that are different from circumstance on Earth are not an obstacle for an astronaut to fulfil a Muslim’s obligations.”
Two finalists remain from 10,000 applicants: Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor and Faiz Khaleed. The winner will be told that he may choose to fast in space or make up for it when he returns. If an astronaut doubts that the food provided is halal, he “should consume it only to the extent of restraining hunger”.
On prayers to Mecca, however, the guidebook sidesteps. These should be performed, it says, “accordingly to the capability of the astronaut”.
Kosher
— Ilan Ramon, the first Israeli astronaut, carried kosher food and kept the Sabbath on board the ill-fated Columbia shuttle in 2003
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I would like to see the major religions have a larger discussion regarding space travel in general (above and beyond an orbiting lab). If a religion has a preferred direction in which one should face when praying, that direction could end up being left, right, up, down, forward or backward or anywhere in between depending on the time of day or the day of the year. On the earth side of the moon, do you always face up?
If one is required to pray at specific times during the day or fast for a day, how long is a day when one is traveling between planets. If one is on a planet that spins once every 48 hours, how long is a 1-day fast? A year on Venus is 1.5 Venusian days.
How relevent is an earth-based calendar if one is orbiting Mars?
If humanity ever got to the point where it colonized other planets, there would be a whole new set of questions to be discussed.
Ed Bailen, Lake Travis, Texas
May Allah guide me in this. For Salah, one can check with the time on earth and pray 5 times accordingly. If a muslim is in Antartica during summer (6 month day) does he pray only 5 times? No! A similar longitudinal coordinate is picked (by Scholars) and the time of that region is followed for prayers. The Malaysian government can ask the FIQH council to issue a fatwa on this.
I had heard the following: Just before the end of the world (Qayamat), the day will be as ong as 1 week, then 1 month and then 1 year. So the question arose for how many times does a mulsim pray during that time. The answer is that, use the watch and follow the time as if there were 7 days in the one day (of one week duration, of one month duration and one year duration).
Allah knows best.
Afroz, Dallas, TX, USA
It is more important to obey the order of Allah SWT then space travel.
praying five times a day is must. however they shorten while on travel.
there is no need for any muslim to follow the suite of others,only the command of Allah SWT is paramount.
mahmood kayani, London, UK
Exploring the universe, establishing the truth and justice on earth and the whole world is an obligation to Muslims. God encourages Muslims to travel and learn from the vastness of his creation. Going to space can be considered as a response to this command.
In Islam, not only prayers and fast - all forms of good deeds done for the sake of God, are considered worship, this include traveling and going to space.
The Prophet was sent as 'blessing to the whole universe'. God said in his holy book, "We will soon show them Our signs in the Universe and in their own souls, until it will become quite clear to them that it is the truth." (Quran, 41:53)
Performing the ritual obligations is not an issue at all, neither the fact that they have to encircle the earth 16 times a day. All these issues have been clearly spelt by the Muslim scholars, it is left to us to apply it. Islam is a religion of practicality and convenience.
Oteh Maskon, Kuala Lumpur,
Islam is not difficult as in the article.
As Akbar of Singapore has mentioned, Fast can be observed after. Prayers can be performed in any circumstances. If water is not available, dust or even touching the ground (in this case probably the floor) would be sufficient (to my knowledge).
It's true we are outdated not Islam. We need to seek knowledge and there is every thing there. Islam is not a difficult religion if you want to practice and at the same time it is very difficult if you don't want to.
There is more reward for perfoming the obligations during travel and prayers are answered.
Yunus Patel, Auckalnd, New Zealand
There is no obligation for a traveler to fast, but he is not absovled from praying. As for makkah facing the earth should be sufficient
---, dallas, tx,
It's nice that they are trying to adhere to Islamic principles even in this situation, but Muslims are not required to pray or fast while traveling. This is a well-known and long-established fact, so I don't see why this is even an issue.
Mustafa Mehr Aziz, Houston, Tx
There are flexibilities in Islam. Example, how does one pray when flying? How does one pray when he is all stringed up in hospital? Islam can be practised wherever you are. Muslim scholars had all these questions answered. The only problem is that Muslims don't seek knowledge and stick to the little they know and THAT to them, is the ultimate truth.
Same goes for fasting. There's no obligation for travellers to fast. What more if you're in space???
Islam is practical to the end of the world. Let us, one with little knowledge, not place Islam in such an inflexible position making it seem like an outdated religion. We're outdated, not Islam.
Akhbar, Singapore,
I don,t think prayer as well as fastiing can be a problem.
In Islamic Law/Shariah, there is a solution for every problem.
1-Facing Qiblah/direction of Makkah is not an obligation when a person is not sure for example in a desert having no compass, so is here, the Holy Qur'an says, "face east or west, where you face, there is the Direction of Allah".
2- Water for abolution is also not a problem as there is something called "dried abolution" or Tayammum, and this is already allowed in the case of not being able to perform eg. illness or other skin condtions.
3- The problem of Time keeping can also be solved as there is already provisions in Islamic Law for the countries where there is no sun set and sun rise, Northern countries like Oslo, Norway etc, so the solution is to keep a 24 Hrs culculation 12 hours night and 12 hrs day, praying 5 prayers in day time.
And Allah knows best.
Mustaqeem Shah, Glasgow, UK
It is sad to see Malaysia fall into the grasp of people with nothing better than write a guidebook about rituals in space. Maybe the Department of Islamic Development will develop a prayer mat for space use next.
An Qijie, Hong Kong,