Jane Macartney in Mianzhu and Lewis Smith, Environment Reporter
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Two thousand soldiers have been sent to plug cracks in a dam upriver from the earthquake-stricken town of Dujiangyan.
The Ministry of Water Resources called for the urgent protection of the Zipingpu reservoir, saying that Dujiangyan, which has about 600,000 residents, would be swamped if the dam failed.
The Zipingpu dam is among the most modern in China but was built despite warnings it lay close to a major earthquake fault line. Planning for the dam was in its early stages in 2000 when seismologists from China’s Earthquake Bureau warned that it could be at risk.
Earthquake protection would have been built into the design of the dam, which was constructed in an area where 9,000 people died in 1933 amid landslides caused by an earthquake.
Nevertheless, the enormous reservoir has the capacity to hold 1.2 billion cubic metres of water and if it were to collapse the consequences would be disastrous.
“This is a seriously big dam,” said Ian Cluckie, a professor of hydrology and water management at the University of Bristol.
“If it were to go pop it would be absolutely diabolically catastrophically beyond belief.”
There were concerns last night that water levels in the dam were still rising, suggesting that there was some sort of blockage preventing the Chinese authorities from draining it.
“If there’s rising water the normal way of getting water out of the dam isn’t working. They could just have a major problem with this one. About the only thing you can contemplate doing in such circumstances is dropping a load of sand, concrete or soil into it and hoping it fills a crack.”
The earthquake had also caused a hydroelectric generating unit at Zipingpu to collapse. It went into operation only in 2006 as part of a programme to develop China’s poorer western regions.
Wen Jiabao, the Chinese Premier, travelled to Beichuan and Wenchuan to direct rescue efforts, comfort survivors and promise that help would come as swiftly as possible. “Your pain is our pain,” he told survivors in Wenchuan. More than 50 planes had already been diverted to try to bring out the injured and more would be found, he promised.
Mr Wen ordered an additional 3,000 medical staff to the province. Flights to airports across China have been disrupted by the huge operation to mobilise troops and send in aid.
Columns of military lorries carrying hundreds of soldiers drove towards Beichuan and Wenchuan through the lush green hills of Sichuan. More than 100,000 troops have been deployed since Monday’s tremor. Television footage from near the epicentre showed shattered buildings, roads split in two and whole mountainsides sheared off.
Two hydroelectric power stations in Maoxian county, where 7,000 residents and tourists remain stranded near the epicentre, have been seriously damaged. Authorities have given warning that dams in the area could burst. The National Development Reform Commission, China’s top economic planning body, said the earthquake had damaged 391 dams, most of them small.
It was regarded as fortunate that the Zipingpu dam, completed in late 2006, was only about half-full when the earthquake struck because it meant the pressure was much lower than it might have been.
When cracks appear in dams the best way to reduce the risk of a catastrophic failure is to lower the pressure by letting the water out. This was the technique employed last summer when the Ulley dam close to Sheffield threatened to give way during the floods.
Chinese expertise in dam construction, however, is among the best in the world and the country has a reputation for building some of the most reliable and structurally sound reservoirs.
There are 22,000 dams of varying sizes in China, about half the world’s total, and many of them were built decades ago.
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How much more will Chinese and Burmese citizens have to suffer before their govts swallow their pride and accept the assistance of ALL of the countries standing around on one foot waiting to help? It's unconscionable, especially when the clock is screaming and the consequences are irrevocable.
Tiffany, St. Louis, USA
Rob Smith, derby, UK
In a way, you r right Rob. I am Malaysian by nationality and Chinese by ethnicity. However, there seems a difference in the way we see things. U see many of us still have roots in China and therefore we root for China. But being pro China does not make us lesser Malaysians..
Lim, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Hi Lim, sorry to split hairs: your ethnicity may be Chinese Malaysian, but your nationality will be Malaysian, not Chinese. White Americans do not call themselves English, they call themselves American even though many of them trace their family lines to England.
Rob Smith, derby, UK
Hi Wood from Guangzhou,
Thanks for that - I have just this morning read that Hu Jintao has flown to Sichuan. That's good and so he should - but I guess that leaves all the eggs in one basket, unless Wen Jiabao has left?
Rob Smith, derby, UK
To Lim and Rob
Premier in China has more responsibilities than the president in the issue of internal affairs, Wen Jiabao is in charge of most big issues arise in the state, he is the chief executive of the central government. you see the difference?
Morris N Yang, Birmingham, UK
Rob Smith, derby, UK
Rob, u r wrong. I am a Chinese Malaysian,
At this juncture there is no point wondering where President Hu is. Most important is the rescue work in Sichuan, saving lives and helping people to regain and rebuild lives. All these efforts are monitored by able Premier Wen. Tku
Lim, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Rob Smith, derby, UK
Rob, I am sorry if I have offended you. You are right. Like you I am wondering where President Hu is. CCTV only mentioned him giving instructions but no personal appearance. Anyway I will focus on the quake situation and hope that the President is ok and will been seen soon.
Lim, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Rob, you were asking a naive question. this is a big country, when big thing happens, we have a prime assigned on site, but the leader need to care about if there is anything else happening to the country. Not putting all eggs in one basket, do you understand? And now "Big Brother Hu" is in Sichuan
Wood, GZ, China
No Lim I am just surprised that he has not shown his face for so long. Did Hu come out in public to order the PLA on its relief effort? I am not sure, I am just wondering where he is - being the leader of the country and all and having disappeared.
Rob Smith, derby, UK
Lim, you're not Chinese either - you are Malaysian - big difference.
Rob Smith, derby, UK
I will be realistic. No human beings no matter how brilliant he is cannot fight nature. Whatever construction, whatever technology, humans cannot win. Whenever there is a tremor why do humans panic and run to open space even when the building can withstand a high level on the scale. No chance taken.
Lim, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Rob Smith, derby, UK
Didn't you hear President Hu gave orders for an all out rescue plan to the PLA. He need not be at scene as Premier Wen was good enough to direct efforts personally. You are not Chinese and why are you so concerned about the whereabout of the President.
Thanks but no thanks
Lim, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Daniel Roth, Chicago, IL. 60630, USA
Daniel Roth, you can keep your athletes at home if you do not trust the Chinese construction of the Olympic village buildings.
Maybe your athletes who look forward to competing will say you are talking nonsense.
Lim, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
The earthquake released an energy equal to over 400 atomic bombs. No populated place in the world could have escaped unscathed from an earthquake of this magnitude even if they have good construction and materials . The Chinese people are very fortunate the dams did not burst during the earthquake.
Lee, NY,
Where is President Hu Jintao in all of this - he seems to have vanished from the face of the earth since his Japan trip and hasn't been seen in public or so I hear from a contact in China. You would have thought he would be down there in Sichuan, along with Wen Jiabao.
Rob Smith, derby, UK
Thor of Reykjavik, the point is was (sarcastically, I admit) trying to make is that designing a HUGE dam to withstand 7.0 earthquakes in a region with a history of much stronger temblors is shooting crap on a monumental scale. Once the reservoir behind it is full, 200,000,000 people will be at risk.
Laurence Tenney, San Francisco,
What does your comment have anything to do with this article? For a long time people have said the Atomic bomb is the worlds most dangerous weapon, i tend to think ignorance is more dangerous and Dan clearly proves my point.
"The quake registered four on the Richter scale in the dam area"
Thor, Reykjavik, Iceland
I am surprised that Americans are so critical of Chinese construction and locations. Why do Americans build wooden houses in areas prone to tornados or huricanes. The disaster of New Orleans is also there for the world to see.
Martin, Izmir,
This dam brought to you by those same wonderful people who brought you the Three Gorges Dam, also built in the middle of a known earthquake zone and designed to withstand a 7.0 Richter Scale earthquake.
Bleedin' brilliant!
Laurence Tenney, San Francisco,
Given the apparent shoddy construction of the structures in this active earthquake zone; has anyone examined the construction of the buildings that are going to house the Olympic athletes in two months? Can you imagine the outrage if those athletes are illed in a quake do to poor construction?
Daniel Roth, Chicago, IL. 60630, USA