Enter our Snapshots of Summer photography competition

The elephant's memory is legendary, but in a large, grey surprise to science the mighty Asian elephant turns out to have a distinct flair for maths as well
Under carefully controlled experimental conditions — essentially comprising a large cage and two buckets of assorted fruit — one elephant at Ueno Zoo in Tokyo managed to get its sums right 87 per cent of the time. A slightly less gifted pachyderm across the country in Kyoto scored a still respectable 69 per cent.
The curiously accurate adding skills of Elephas maximus have been discovered by Naoko Irie, a behavioural ecologist at the University of Tokyo putting the finishing touches to her doctoral thesis. In her tests, three apples were dropped into one bucket and five into a second one next to it. Two more apples were added to each bucket, leaving the first with five and the second with seven apples.
Unable to see inside the buckets or probe them with her trunk, 30-year old Ashiya selected the bucket with the more apples having, apparently, counted the contents of each as it was being loaded-up with fruit. Nothing spectacularly rare about that, say scientists – plenty of animals have been shown to possess basic counting abilities but most animals fail when the numbers get much bigger than three or four or the margin of difference between the available choices become too narrow.
“I couldn’t believe it at first,” said Irie, “They could instantly compare numbers like six and five."
The elephants she subjected to the fruit-based arithmetic tests were as good at telling the difference between five and six as they were at spotting that five is greater than one, she said.
Speculation among scientists over why the elephant should have developed its limited but nonetheless impressive mathematical ability centres on the way in which the lumbering creatures move in herds. A basic counting ability, say experts, might act as a guarantee that no calf is left behind.
Win a luxury weekend to Newcastle and its neighbour Gateshead, find out more here
Risk, resilience and embracing new technology
Industry sectors news at a glance. Interactive heatmap, video and podcast
Discover the collective power of smart thinking. Submit a solution and be in with a chance to win a Flip MinoHD Camcorder
The inside track on current trends in the charity, not for profit and social enterprise sectors
Everything the Business Traveller needs to know to make a better trip
Make the most of the summer and enter our fabulous photographic competition, you could win a £5000 holiday
Corsica is an island of beauty and contrast, an ideal holiday destination
Enjoy further reading from Travel to Fashion, Business to Sport, discover more
Shortcuts to help you find sections and articles
The clever way to lease a new car is with Car leasing made simple™
2009
42,945
2008
71,450
Car Insurance
Not Specified
MI6
UK-based
£60,000
The Environment Agency
Bristol
Up to £90K
Boots
Midlands
OTE £85k
Credit Protection Association
Nationwide Opportunities
Completely London
Luxury Condo's in Manhattan with NYC views
The best new homes in Wimbledon?
Nationwide
Save up to £1,000 per couple with Elite Vacations at the five-star Constance Lemuria Resort
and do the British Isles this Summer.
Save up to 60% with Oxford Hotels and Inns
Try our inspiring luxury holidays to the Indian Subcontinent and South East Asia.
Great offers available
8 fabulous Canadian cities ...you won’t find cheaper
Contact our advertising team for advertising and sponsorship in Times Online, The Times and The Sunday Times, or place your advertisement.
Times Online Services: Dating | Jobs | Property Search | Used Cars | Holidays | Births, Marriages, Deaths | Subscriptions | E-paper
News International associated websites: Globrix Property Search | Property Finder | Milkround
Copyright 2009 Times Newspapers Ltd.
This service is provided on Times Newspapers' standard Terms and Conditions. Please read our Privacy Policy.To inquire about a licence to reproduce material from Times Online, The Times or The Sunday Times, click here.This website is published by a member of the News International Group. News International Limited, 1 Virginia St, London E98 1XY, is the holding company for the News International group and is registered in England No 81701. VAT number GB 243 8054 69.
I think it is awsome and all of you need to recognize how smart these elephants apparently are. Also, you should be impressed anyway miss cay lady! Congradulations Naoko on your magnificent discoverey!
Christy, Bridgeton,
"Researchers in Tokyo report that elephants are able to do math and scored 87 percent in basic math tests.
It's bad enough our students can't compete with Asian students, now we can't even compete with Asian elephants."
-Jay Leno
I barely believed what Leno said before I Googled this...
Andrew, Mesa,
My cats can totally tell how much is in their bowls and which one is more full. What they can't tell is how much is in their bellies before they vomit it up on the stairs.
Find me an elephant that can vaccuum and I will be imporessed.
Meghan Vagts, Warren, USA
Why don't they just use calculators like everyone else?
Dave, Plymouth,
David from Alabama, they are smart enough to know apples taste good, which I suspect maybe more than you do if you wonder why they know what apples IS.
John, Parafield,
How does an elephant know what apples is?
David, Alabama, USA
Excuse me; I attend the government elementary school. Would you please repeat the question? How many buckets, uh apples? Would you repeat that?
James Atkinson, Glendale,
I would be interested to see how well the elephants can do subtraction: taking apples back out of the buckets as well.
Brent, Bowie, MD
It's this type of lame 'science' that gets people to worry about hoaxes like man made global warming. This wouldn't even get a good grade in an elementary school science project.
Jerry, Towson, USA
Most birds can tell if the correct number of eggs are in their nest merely by the feel of the eggs on their breast. Remove an egg, and the bird "knows" this because it feels different. I'm not sure this is "counting," but is an instinct which has nothing to do with higher cognitive abilities.
Tom, Nacogdoches, USA
does this experiment work with bananas as well or is it just with apples. What type of apples? red or green ones? Can elephant discern colors, if not I am sure it could make a difference. good article, yeah, I am going to hire me an elephant to do my accounting.
Yagzud, Casablanca, Morocco
Make him president of the United States. He is clearly smarter than Bush and McCain.
PKayne, Toronto, Canada
There is NO counting going on here. The reason the elephant knows which bucket has more apples is that there is more "activity" around this bucket, and the animal is smart enough to know that more human activity is equivalent to more apples. That's all.
Steve, Branford, USA
Astonishing! I now understand how Tantor was able to call all jungle animals to Tarzan's aid with a single trumpeting call.
After this one gets done counting buckets of apples it can get on with its true calling and find a cure for cancer and heart disease.
Jim Cliff, Hamersville, OH,
I wonder if the elephant isn't using basic smelling sense. A bucket with eight apples has more scent than a bucket with three or five. Wouldn't that be just as likely as counting skills?
L. McKinney, Space Coast, USA
I LOVED DAVID GILLES' COMMENT!!!! Brilliant!!!! What more needs to be said!?? Yeah let's see how well Dumbo does in applying Stokes' Theorem to electromagnetics! HAHA
Gilles: "Whatever. When it can solve partial differential equations I'll be impressed.
charles wolfe, chicago, usa
Please sign this elephant on as Chancellor of the Exchequer, immediately.
Frank Upton, Solihull,
Who says animals don't have souls? They are alive. They are self-aware. Why can't they have souls?
Lee O'Dea, Gloucester,
Whatever. When it can solve partial differential equations I'll be impressed.
David Gillies, San Jose, Costa Rica
Remember the field tests with "Counting Crows".
Multiple tests and audio recordings of crows "counting"
researchers entering a woodlot. It seems the crows can count to SIX. After that it is always the same call, no matter what number, which the researchers have decided means "Many!".
Kevin, Auburn Hills, USA
Still smarter than your average government school graduate.
Mike, Jacksonville, USA
I just flipped a coin multiple times in two tests, choosing tails to be the "correct answer" in the first test and heads the "correct" answer in the second. In the first test I "scored" 71% in the second I "scored" 69%. The elephant only had two buckets to choose from; give me a break.
Ryan, adams , USA
Having a problem believing that "animals" can be as smart as or smarter than man? Got a case of xenophobia? I don't see elephants running around with guns shooting each other. Just cause a species doesn't have microwave ovens doesn't make them dumb.
Steve Lusk, Johnson City,
Not enough science to prove anything, unfortunately. Could be a "Clever Hans" effect?
However, animals are certainly much more capable than generally credited, and at some point in the future humans will be aghast at the savagery inflicted upon them on the basis that "they don't have souls".
John Weaver, San Javier, Spain
Bill what academy did you say you graduated from???
jim, jackson, usa
If I had a four foot nose I think I could detect a stronger odor from the bucket with the most fruit too!
George R. Clark, Drummonds,
I would have to say this Elephant would have outscored John McCain at the Naval Academy. He was 890th out of 894 and was jealous of the guy who finished last because he got to shake thew hand of the President(probably John Quincy Adams
Bill, Buffalo, USA
Once had a roomate that had an extremely flat personality. I also once had a dog that had supersized personality.
Once that small dog sat on my roomates lap. I could not help but remark to myself that "gee the dog has more personality than the person!"
Lesson? Do not underestimate.
Fred X, Phoenix, USA Arizona
The bucket that had more apples at the beginning still had more apples after the "sum." Does this really demonstrate that the elephant could add? What if, instead of 3+2=5 and 5+2=7, the big guy had been given 3+4=7 and 5+1=6. Could he follow?
Michael Tashman, Newington, CT, USA
Monkey on typewriter effect....
Joe, slc, usa
And 13% of the time the elephant was being polite and choosing the smaller quantity bucket?
Dave B., Clinton, MA, USA
Now if we can just get college students to do the same, we might be getting somewhere...
mtg, boston, US
My experiment would be this. Drop 3 in basket #1, while basket #2 is empty. Then, drop 8 or so more in each basket. Each of these drops should occur simultaneously. Does the elephant know basket #1 still has more? This would tell us, in essence, if they know that if n > m, then n + p > m + p.
Matthew, Palo Alto, CA, USA
My dog can not count but you should hear him play the piano, he also flushes the toilet after going to the bathroom.
Talon, Tampa, usa
I would like to hear more about such research! Good read.
Alex, London,
I think it would be necessary to do other tests with objects that have no odor, odors that they are not familiar with, or put deceiving odors in the buckets. eg. Inject the ones to go into the bucket with less with extra extract or soak in juices...
Michelle Heinecke, Honolulu, USA
87% is a "B" grade in the U.S. I would not hire a B student to be my accountant.
Walter, Detroit, U.S.A.
Duh, they pick the bucket with more apples in it. They didn't get that big by making the wrong choice when food was involved.
Kirk, Barnesville, OH, USA
The elephant should be named Hans, as in Clever Hans.
Joe W, Alliance, USA
The more exotic experiment would be to see if the counting abilities of these Elephants can be taught to the Ways and Means Committee of the US House of Representatives.
The US Senate is too far behind to attempt any teaching of anything ---- some members think that there are 57 States.
James, Selma, USA
elephants have a great sense of smell. six apples smell stronger than five.
jim frey, Berkeley, CA, USA
my cat can count also, but only to 2. If I just put one scoop of his food in his bowl he won;t eat it. he always waits for the 2ed scoop.
P. Conlon, CINCINNATI, U.S.A.
I hate to sound skeptical, but these apples were 'dropped', and elephants DO have big ears capable of hearing and interpreting a wider range of sounds. Is it possible that the elephant simply compared the sounds of the final apples dropped in each bucket to judge which bucket was more full?
Michelle, singapore,
i think that most kids in indoctination centers they call schools wouldnt do as well as the elephant
steve, ft worth, usa
So, how do donkeys score in mathematics?
Joe, Florida, USA
The research with the elephants was extremely interesting. .I would certainly be interested in further studies.
William Markel, Hanover, Indiana 47243, USA
Interesting research. I'm anxious to hear more
William Markel, Hanover, Indiana 47243, USA