David Charter in Brussels
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Shakespeare and Keats may have written the finest verses, Kant and Nietzsche expressed the greatest philosophical thoughts, while Verdi’s songs are supreme. But when it comes to writing down the law, the undisputed kings were Montesquieu and Napoleon.
That is the conclusion of a campaign to establish French as the benchmark legal language of the European Union.
Whenever Latvians, Poles and Portuguese get together in the expanding Tower of Babel that is Brussels, English is the most likely language to be heard. But when it comes to resolving misunderstandings and mistranslations, French is the most precise, authoritative and rigorous of Europeanm languages, the Francophiles argue.
The first shots in the latest battle to establish primacy among the 23 official tongues of the EU were fired by Maurice Druon, the venerable 88-year-old author and secretary of the Academie Française.
He is one of an impressive group assembled by Nicole Fontaine, a former president of the European Parliament, that includes an array of international ministers and the former prime ministers of Bulgaria and Romania. They are pressing the case for French to be the final yardstick by which to judge any nuances that creep into the translated texts of the EU.
“The Italian language is the language of song, German is good for philosophy and English for poetry,” Mr Druon said. “French is best at precision, it has a rigour to it. It is the safest language for legal purposes.”
The convention at present is for any anomalies or confusions to be checked against the language in which the document was written, which is usually one of the principal languages of English, French or German.
But, in what is seen by many as a rearguard action designed to bolster their declining influence in the expanded EU, the French have formed the Committee for the Language of European Law.
“All languages are equal and all the national sensitivities are duly protected. However, as regards the interpretation of texts it is better to be certain what we are writing,” Mr Druon said. He said French was clearly the most authoritative language because it was both related to Latin — in which Roman law was written — and the language of the Napoleonic Code, still the basis of French law. Mrs Fontaine added: “This language is recognised as being analytical, precise and clear, with a syntax that can adapt to all the intentions of thought, and is particularly apt for describing the definitions and expressions of law.”
In one case of troubled linguistic interpretation in 2005, according to the EU Observer website, different languages appeared to point to different degrees of political power for the European Parliament. When written in English or French, the 1999 regulation for the appointment of the chief of Olaf, the EU antifraud office, said MEPs should be consulted, saying that “after consultations with the European Parliament and the council (member states), the commission shall appoint the director”.
In other language versions, including German and Polish, the phrasing suggested to some that the decision would be made “after the agreement of the European Parliament and the council”, using the German word abstinnung, which carries the meaning of “vote” as well the connotation of “coming to an agreement”.
This caused confusion among EU officials at the time and the ultimate decision was referred back to the original drafting language — which happened to be French.
Paul-Marie Couteaux, a French MEP for the Mouvement pour la France, referring to a vote that took place in the European Parliament’s foreign affairs committee on Kosovo last week, said: “The text was only in English and in Czech. I have worked at the UN so I understand English, but many of my French and other colleagues did not understand a word of it.”
However, the drive to reprioritise French has drawn a sceptical response elsewhere in Brussels.
One official told EU observer, a website: “They don’t want to say it, but they are raising the alarm on English getting more and more predominant in the institutions.”
Languages fit for purpose
French
Napoleonic Code La promulgation faite par le Président de la République sera réputée connue dans le département où siãge le Gouvernement, un jour aprãs celui de la promulgation; et dans chacun des autres départements, aprãs l'expiration du même délai, augmenté d'autant de jours qu'il y aura de fois 10 myriamãtres (environ 20 lieues anciennes), entre la ville où la promulgation en aura été faite, et le chef-lieu de chaque département.
German
Kant, from Critique of Pure Reason Die menschliche Vernunft hat das besondere Schicksal in einer Gattung ihrer Erkenntnisse: daß sie durch Fragen belästigt wird, die sie nicht abweisen kann; denn sie sind ihr durch die Natur der Vernunft selbst aufgegeben, die sie aber auch nicht beantworten kann; denn sie öbersteigen alles Vermögen der menschlichen Vernunft.
Italian
Rigoletto : Verdi
La donna ã mobile Qual piuma al vento, Muta d’accento — e di pensiero. Sempre un amabile, Leggiadro viso, In pianto o in riso, — ã menzognero.
English
Shakespeare
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm’d . . .
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A remark to the editor of the article:
the German word 'Abstinnung' does not exist, surely it must be ' Abstimmung' and the 'Kant' quote also contains a typo: 'öbersteigen' has to be 'übersteigen'.
andreas de jong, Leuven , Belgium
Would people from countries as different as the UK, US, CH,FR, ES, BE (be able to) take part in this discussion if it would be in another language than English?
And isn't that what it is all about ??
andreas de jong, Leuven , Belgium
What an irrational and un-scientific cause: "The Italian language is the language of song, German is good for philosophy and English for poetry, Mr Druon said. French is best at precision, it has a rigour to it. It is the safest language for legal purposes.
This is about as shallow a statement as saying that women are fit only for breeding and men for thinking.
bill, Bristol, UK
Its not likely that Europe will privilege any one language as its legal yardstick (about 0.914 meters in any other European language). The Italian delegates arent singing about the French proposal, even though theirs is supposed to be the language of song. And the Germans, who pioneered the notion that each language reflects the genius of its culture, arent taking the philosophical approach: Druon, who is careful to distinguish between German philosophy and precise, rational French discourse, is hardly a Nietzschean superman to them. And where Druon got the notion that English is well-suited for poetry isnt clear surely the two poets and many novelists who are currently members of the French Academy would disagree.
In fact, despite romanticized notions of how language relates to culture, languages dont ever sort themselves out as primarily poetic, musical, scientific, or legalistic. And speakers of every language are capable of rational, precise thought or, as in the case of Maurice Druons proposal to interpret all of Europes laws according to the French version of the text, of irrational, highly-subjective, and thoroughly self-aggrandizing reasoning as well. And that's a linguistic law that no parliament can repeal.
Dennis Baron, Champaign, US/Illinois
Maurice Druon, Nicole Fontaine and others are so naive they don't realise they have just shot their campaign in the foot! They have been duped by an evil Anglo-Saxon plot!
But seriously, the whole idea smells of narrow nationalism: every language has legal rigour, it's just the law-makers themselves who don't.
Maybe each member of the EU law-making body could vote on their preferred language with the exclusion of their own individual mother tongues!
Or better still, let there be no decision at all.
Charles Fiddes Payne, Watford, UK
This is obviously a rear gard combat on the part of some French politicians and bureaucrats who feel humiliated by the steady erosion of French influence in Europe and in the world as a whole. I am fully trilingual (English, French and Spanish,my mother tongue), and have published two books in French and one in English. I certainly enjoy writing and reading French as much as, if not more than, English, and contend that neither is superior to the other. Be that as it may, it happens that English is handier than French for debating and responds better than French to the present correlation of forces in Europe. French politicians had better asked themselves why their country is losing influence, and act accordingly. Frustration, frustration, quand tu nous tiens!
Fabio Rafael Fiallo, Nyon, Switzerland
This is a rearguard action by the French. Everyone knows that they are very proud of there culture but they must realise that it has a declining sphere of influence.
Luis is correct; Spanish is the second most influential language in Europe when put in the context of the world stage. As the EU is looking to have influence across the globe this should not be over looked. Spanish should be brought to the fore front of EU linguistic thought.
As for British opinions on Napoleon: Napoleon is generally well respected in the UK as a modernist, military leader and generally flamboyant character. He was no Hitler, and there is no pervading negativity about him. So this 'you Brits are just being xenophobic about our national hero' argument is null and void.
Rob, Coventry,
In response to Luis from Madrid, French is the official language of 41 countries and is the official administrative language of numerous important bodies such as the Afriac Union, European Broadcasting Union, International Olympic Comittee, Interpol and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures among others. Although a lot less people speak French (approx 175 million) than Spanish (approx 400 million), it is the most used language in the European Commission and undoubtedly has a lot more official weight. Unfortunately, given the relative positions of Spain and France within the European heirarchy, it is unlikely that Spanish will be able to compete with French for dominance.
Rob King , Norwich , England
I do think that English is the only language that should be the EU's common tongue. Every people, from Portugal to Poland speak English whereas French is not that known...
Moreover I do not understand why French would fit so well for law. I'm a native speaker of French and I can honestly say that I consider English as a far more precise language. We should not forget that for example English has about three times more words than French.
Undoubtedly all continental laws are based on the Napoleonic (now Civil) Code, which is French. But it's not a relevant argument for making French the primary language in EU law.
Michel, Paris, Franche
Your picture of Napoleon looks familiar. Has the little corporal been promoted to a Vice Admiral ?
tony bohan, lifton, devon
Isnt Spanish relevant at all in the EU? It is the language spoken by around 400 million people throughout the world, being the official language in more than 20 different countries. It is the second language spoken in the US (in fact it is the mother tongue of 20% of US nationals), the third language spoken in the entire world (only after mandarin Chinese and English) one of the most ancient, precise and beautiful languages of the world, used in countries with very different cultures. How many people do speak French as a mother tongue? In how many countries is it the official language? And what about the German or the Italian? Which of them are at the level of the Spanish language if we consider all these global figures?
Luis, Madrid, Spain
Well it would certainly help the EU fulfil its true destiny of creating discord where there was none before....
Ian Kemmish, BIggleswade, UK
Surely your picture of Napoleon has a Nelson touch.
Roger, Montaut, France
he best thing done by Napoleon was the planting of all those shade trees for his troops along the Routes National.
They ensure that bad drivers only crash once!
peter, singapore,
French is a beautiful language, which I speak and would love to hear more widely spoken. However, I rather think the Academie Francaise has shot itself in the foot by being over-protective of the language.
English flourishes precisely because it is a bastard language, made up of words from all over the world and constantly expanding as new words enter accepted usage.
There is a need for an internationally used language, just as there is a need to preserve national languages and local languages. The broad acceptance of English, and its multi-national roots, make it the obvious candidate. Having different languages for different purposes would merely serve to make life more complicated and more expensive. After all, why not have Japanese as the international language of quality control, German for engineering, Russian for wheat farming, etc? No, I thought not.
Allister Steele, Bristol, UK
This is a completely stupid issue, but it is a "classic" thing that the Frenchs always try overprotect their own things. But the real situation is that they are frightened by the reality: French (like German and Italian) are languages "in frank disappearance", in front of strong languages like English and Spanish that are growing more and more.
Montse, Zaragoza, Spain