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A 5,000-year-old golden artificial eye that once stared out mesmerisingly from the face of a female soothsayer or priestess in ancient Persia has been unearthed by Iranian and Italian archaeologists.
The eyeball — the earliest artificial eye found — would have transfixed those who saw it, convincing them that the woman — thought to have been strikingly tall — had occult powers and could see into the future, archaeologists said.
It was found by Mansour Sajjadi, leader of the Iranian team, which has been excavating an ancient necropolis at Shahr-i-Sokhta in the Sistan desert on the Iranian-Afghan border for nine years.
Italian archaeologists said yesterday that the prophetess had also been buried with an ornate bronze hand mirror, which she presumably used to check her “startling appearance”.
They said the eyeball consisted of a half-sphere with a diameter of just over an inch. It was made of a lightweight material thought to be derived from bitumen paste. Its surface was meticulously engraved with a pattern consisting of a central circle for the iris and gold lines “like rays of light”.
Lorenzo Costantini, leader of the Italian group, said the eyeball still had traces of the gold that had been applied in a thin layer over the surface. On either side of it two tiny holes had been drilled, through which a fine thread, perhaps also gold, had held the eyeball in place.
Professor Costantini said the woman had been nearly 6ft, putting her head and shoulders above most other women of the time. Aged between 25 and 30, she had a high sloping forehead, a “determined” jutting chin and dark skin, suggesting that she was from Arabia. Farad Foruzanfar, an Iranian anthropologist, agreed that the woman’s height and her “Afri-canoid cranial structure” suggested that she came from the Arabian Peninsula.
“She must have been a very striking and exotic figure,” Professor Costantini told Corriere della Sera.He said the team had initially thought the eyeball might have been placed in the woman’s eye at burial. But microscopic examination had found an imprint left on her eye socket by prolonged contact with the golden eye. The socket also bore the marks of the thread, further proving that she had worn the eyeball in life.
Professor Sajjadi said the skeleton had been dated to between 2900 and 2800BC, when Shahr-i-Sokhta was a bustling, wealthy city and trading post at the crossroads of East and West. He said the woman might have arrived with a caravan from Arabia. Shahr-i-Sokhta means “Burnt City”, a local name referring to the fact that it burnt down and was rebuilt three times during Persia’s turbulent history before being finally destroyed in 2000 BC — about the time that Stonehenge was erected. The archaeologists said it was not clear what caused the woman’s death.
Professor Costantini said the articial eye was clearly not intended to mimic a real eye but had “a special purpose . . . It must have glittered spectacularly, conferring on the woman a mysterious and supernatural gaze”. This would have been effective for someone who claimed to see into the future, such as a soothsayer or oracle.
Analaysis suggested that the woman may have suffered from an abscess on her eyelid because of long-term contact with the golden eyeball.
The archaeologists earlier unearthed what is believed to be the oldest backgammon set in the world, with 60 pieces made of turquoise and agate and a rectangular ebony board, probably imported from India.
Cosmetic look
-There are more than 40,000 artificial eye wearers in Britain
-Although the term “glass eye” is widely used, modern artificial eyes are made of the same acrylic polymer as false teeth Only one man in Britain makes glass eyes — a German, Jost Haas
-Glass eyes are lighter and have a lifelike sheen; acrylic eyes are easier to maintain
-Until the creation of the NHS in 1948, only service personnel and war pensioners were entitled to free glass eyes
-The National Artificial Eye Service began in the 1914-18 war. It was known as “The Army Spectacle Depot”. The aim of the service quickly changed from providing vision correction aids to the supply of artificial eyes for soldiers
Source: NHS National Artificial Eye Service
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I am soon to have an artificial eye placed and all I can say or would have said to this woman is "YOU GO GIRL!" The idea of a golden globe?? Oh yeah!!!
Dora, Knoxville, TN
thats pretty old..... but you know they were humans too back then, just as smart as we are, not that they had the knowledge like we do but they weren't dumb, and I don't think a one glass eye can explain how progressed the entire civilization is. She may have kept her eye as a secret so others would believe her when she said she was a oracle.
Jackie, Phoenix, Arizona
have u ever thought that advanced techonology goes way beyond 5,000 yrs cause u know what they say history repeats itself.
Lamar Davenprt, las vegas, nevada
she might be an alien. how come they had hi-tech knowledge in the ancient time? If they had, how come they were vanished on the map?
alison phakamakhanont, hong kong,
The Daily Mail has pictures of the skull and the golden eyeball on its website - it's a shame you don't.
Sue, Pontypridd, Wales
There's a few pictures at:
http://shahr-i-sokhta.ir/cheshm.htm
Clearly nothing whatsoever to do with Cyclops ...
Malcolm, York, UK
I understand that the Cyclops legend was derived from bones of elephants -- a very large skull with a hole in the middle. This left the mideval people who found them to wonder if it was a giant with one eye in the middle of its head.
bella, brewster, ID
It is interesting to note that according to the Bible with the world being only 6,000 years old someone jumped into soothsaying sin really quick. We all know only God can tell the furture, demons can share the information with a human host to appear as one with godly powers and sometimes be correct just to make it seem real. I believe there may have been an eye infection and it was used as a covering to shield the real eye from sun and dirt.
Wayne Grant, Kingsville, TX
April 1st already, is it ? You coulda fooled me....
pondlife, Evian-les-Bains, France
Creepy. No pictures needed :P thanx... I would like a map to show the location of where it was discovered, and to which people it can be acredited to. ^_^
jd, it was spherical, it would not make sence for it to protrude from the center of her forehead -.-"
a.m. low, cyclops legends stemmed from men happening across the large, unrecognizable skulls of elephants. They were gigantic and feirce looking, with but just one large gaping hole where the eye should be.
Tiger-ES, Newport,
My grandfather's artificial eye may not have been golden, but he would dazzle us nonetheless when he'd take it out at the dinner table, dip it in his bourbon, and suck on it as he stared off into space.
Ken McCarthy, New York, NY
I would love to see a picture of this find. The people who discover these things NEED to post pictures as well as the stories. It's a great story, however.
Lucy Sommer, Albuquerque, NM USA
I agree with the last comment. Pictures would be very nice.
JB, Knoxville, TN, USA
Pictures Pictures please!!!!!!
What an interesting story to share with my students!
paraskevi, black creek, Wisconsin USA
It would make more sense that is was attached as a third eye above her nose and between her eyes.
jd, Madison, WI
Maybe she won it playing backgammon with Peter Falk.
Soothsayer, CHI-TOWN, USA
It WOULD be wonderful to see a picture of this find. Why don't the writers/explorers/discoverers of these amazing things ever post pictures on their announcement articles? We'd all LOVE to see what you are describing here.
Thanks, however, for what you have done.
siri, Cortez, USA/CO
AYE, AYE, quite an interesting find. I wonder if this was the base for the CYCLOPS legend. What does others think.
a. m. low, dundee, scotland
When I saw the title,my mind thought of the eye on the U.S. dollar. Shows that even 5,000 years ago religion and governments was playing mind games with the masses. I bet Madonna would pay a gold ransom for that everseeing mystic eye.... P.S. The more things change,the more they stay the same.
R. Ferguson, Wellington, Ohio
This story reminds me of the glass eye that my wife had. It seems someone had visited their home in California and went away without it and never came back for it. When one of our sons was in High School he took it and cut it down and mounted it in a ring. Kind of an odd looking stone when you saw it. Even odder if you realized what it was. Maybe this was one of those. Easy come, easy go. Not too far fetched to think of it. Going from the UK to the US, from the west coast to the mountains of Utah. Her dad, by the way, had only one eye himself. This one wasn't his though.
Smith, S.P., Logan, Utah
Having a computer-generated depiction of this find would be much more intriguing than it is in words--people want to SEE IT now.
Indy Plume, st. louis,
Two or three of my friends were talking, some 60 years or so ago, and the subject turned to Glass Eyes as we had just seen a Glass Eye Manufacturer's premises in Nottingham. Trying to go one better, as we were trying to remember anyone we knew with a glass eye, one of the boys remarked "Yes, my Uncle Bill has a glass eye, in fact he wears TWO!"
Alan Rawson, Derby, Britain