Adam LeBor in Budapest
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Hungarians celebrate their national holiday today but, amid the sea of national flags, scattered islands of red and white stripes spell trouble.
The Arpad flag is a millennia-old symbol of the Magyar tribes, and its increasing presence on the streets is unsettling many and fuelling political tensions.
Tens of thousands of demonstrators are expected at an opposition rally by the Elizabeth Bridge, Budapest, the scene of violent clashes in October. The presence of the Arpad flag, say some, is a sign that Hungary’s national traumas, frozen under 40 years of Communism, are finally surfacing.
The Arpad flag is part of the country’s official coat of arms. It also provided the inspiration for the Hungarian Nazi Arrow Cross party, which briefly took power in 1944, adding a green or black cross.
Ferenc Gyurcsány, the Prime Minister, told The Times: “For the majority of this country the Arpad flag is a symbol of the Hungarian National Socialists. Under this flag hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews were marched to Auschwitz.”
The Arpad flag’s defenders say that it is a slice of history that should not be confused with the fascist flag. “They have different designs. Every prime minister, including Ferenc Gyurcsány, also swears allegiance to the Arpad flag,” said Sebestyen Gorka, director of the Institute for Transitional Democracy.
Janos Rainer, of the Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution, said it was no accident that of all the country’s ancient symbols, it was the Arpad flag that had made a return.
Across the region the minutiae of heraldry still trigger turbulent emotions. In 1991, as Yugoslavia collapsed, President Tudjman of Croatia chose a version of the Sahovnica, the ancient Croatian red and white chequerboard flag, appropriated by the fascist Ustasha regime in the Second World War, and used under Communism. Serbs pointed to the new flag as evidence that the Ustasha era was returning. Croatians argued that the Sahovnica was part of the country’s heritage.
Hungary’s fevered political atmosphere intensified after Mr Gyurcsány said this month that antiSemitism was reaching unprecedented levels, and accused the Fidesz opposition of sharing “a community of interest” with the far Right, a claim furiously rejected by Fidesz MPs. Fidesz officials prefer to stay silent on the tricky question of the Arpad flag.
There is still widespread anger over Mr Gyurcsány’s private admission in September that the Government had lied “morning, noon and night” about the problems facing the country. When they were leaked, the comments sparked riots whose legacy lingers.
David Irving, the right-wing historian, is due to speak at a rally today organised by the far-right MIEP party. Peter Feldmajer, the leader of Mazsihisz, the main Jewish organisation, recently provoked consternation – not least among Jews – when he suggested that they should consider leaving the country. He then retracted his statement, saying that it was a joke for the festival of Purim.
The answer to the Arpad flag controversy, some argue, could be to cut a hole in it, as happened with the Communist-era flag, when its Marxist insignia were excised, and so defuse its symbolic power.
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In Hungary, national socialists in the 1930s and 40s chose the Arrow Cross as their distinctive heraldic symbol. It was placed on the old Arpad flag, as the other national symbol connected with the Arpads was the Patriarchal Cross, a symbol of Hungarian Christianity that the Nazis despised and wanted to get rid of. The present users of the striped flag have nothing to do with Nazis or antisemitism, they just want to tease the Postcommunist government. However, antisemitism is indeed reviving among some people in Hungary. It was shocking to hear a 74 old US-Hungarian citizen Holocaust survivor telling in the Pesty Black Box documentary on Hungarian police brutality in October 2006 about how he was attacked by Mr. Gyurcsany's riot police himself on 23 October. When he shouted to a brutal young officer that he had gone through much worse during the Holocaust the reply was a rude command, Clear off you old Jewish Fool!
Peter Borgoy, Budapest, Hungary
Arpad flag isn't a nazi symbol. The Arrow Cross party used this flag with an arrow cross on it. But Communist Party used the national flag (red-white-green) with a communist symbol on it. Is our national flag a communist symbol?
As for antisemitism, Mr. Gyurcsany is a liar. Hungary isn't a nazi country, there isn't more antisemitism than other countries in Europe. There are Jews in this country, and they don't have to leave Hungary. They are Hungarian, just like me. I have Jewish friends, and they don't want to leave.
Excuse me for my mistakes, my English isn't very good.
Judit Jekelfalvi, Budapest, Hungary
In the past, parties of the far right (N.F. & B.N.P.) made much use of the national flag. This was to create an identification between the flag and the party, to show that they were the "real patriots", the "true Brits". Unfortunately this identification was accepted by many who opposed those parties, thus giving a victory to the right-wing groups.
If all parties were to use the national flag, this identification could not occur. Even more so, were Parliament to adopt the Union Flag as the official national flag of the United Kingdom on land (which has never been done), then the flag would be the emblem of all people of whatever part of the United Kingdom, religion or ethnicity they might be.
Michael Faul, York, England
Is it just a coincidence that when 'normal' middle of the road political Parties hold meetings that there are no national flags to be seen. It is only when the far right Parties such as the UK BNF, or the German Nazis, or the MIEP (not disowned by Fidesz) hold their meetings that National flags are obvious.
Edgar Mehl, London, England
To Monika:
Since we have been living in a democracy in Hungary, we had two right-wing and two left-wing governments. It means 50-50%.
In 2002, after the second left-wing government came into power, their first issue was to increase the wages as of 50%. It was the highest wage-rising since 1989 in Hungary.
Now accusing that "The band of Gyurcsany want to raise the priceis" is nothing but the propaganda of the opposition.
To the election campaign of last year, the opposition made a media-campaign saying "We live now worst then four years ago." The truth was, that the average wages in Hungary have raised about 30% (in purchasing power) under the period of the left-wing government between 2002-2006.
Everybody is free to chose its political sympathy but nobody should lie just to convince others.
Pal Nikk, Budapest, Hungary
Pal Nikk, Budapest, Hungary
Its true that the Arpad flag is an ancient traditional symbol of the Hungarians.
But it is also true, that the hungarian nazis, the National Socialists in 1944 chosed this symbol as to their flag, adding a cross-symbol to it.
Also true, that several hundreds of thousands of hungarian jews were transported to the nazi luiquidation camps under the power of the hungarian National Socialists.
The Hungarians also know that the Arpad flag was used by the so called "Hungarists", a political organization in the 1930ies in Hungary, calling out to segregate the jews. The later National Socialist power was mostly based on the structure and members of the preliminary "Hungarists".
The situation in Hungary now can be looked as being analogic to the 1930ies. Those who fear now say the calling out for the segregation of the jews can be heard again, symbolized with the same flag.
They say, this is how it starts...
Pal Nik
Pal Nikk, Budapest, Hungary
Why not put the current Coat of Arms of Hungary in the centre of the Arpad Flag where the Fascist symbol used to be, or just retain the tricolour a now. The Arpad flag would certainly be more distictive as there are several red, white and green tricolour flags for other nations.
D.Wake, London, United Kingdom
I think Mr Gyurcsany can say whatever he wants, but to me he has lost his credibility and he is only in power because he is the best that the socialists have.
To stick to the subject about flags I don't think that the Arpad flag is a Nazi symbol but I can see how it has became a symbol of right wing extremists, as it was forbidden in the communist era. A Nazi symbol would not have been allowed to be on display in the Parliament either.
I think there is a good museum that explains what happened in the middle of the 20th century in Hungary and it is worth visiting (www.terrorhaza.hu) to understand more on this.
The solution to the present tension lies in the hands of the political elite, first of all in minister Gyurcsany's. A democratic structure and clear democratic decision-making would not have led to street protests, which right-wing extremists have taken the opportunity to hijack.
Szilvia Smith, London, UK
The mediaval Hungarian Kingdom used the Arpad-flag. Those who know the European history knows taht nothing has to do with fascists.
The Arpad-flag is very similar to US flag strips and is a stupid communist ideology that all Americans are fascists.
Please do not belive Gyurcsanyi and his antisemitic gang.
Köves, Budapest, Hungary
Mr LeBor, thank you for your objectivity. You probably think: this is a natural attitude of a journalist. Unfortunately in Hungary the general case is different: here most of the jounalists ask their chief: tell me, please, what is my opinion? Thank you again.
Mihaly Sajgo, Budapest, Hungary
Hi,
I`m Monika Bartok. I`m an Hungarian woman. I live in Netherland, because I can make beter life hier then in Hungary.
I just read what for lies Gyurcsany said to the Times.
If you want to write down the truth and show it to the people, you have to watch what did they do in 5 years, and where did they bring the country. Count how many institute, school and hospital they closed, and how many unemployed they `made`. The life of petty bourgeois is already very hard by them.
The band of Gyurcsany want to raise the priceis to European level. But the wage of the people is not close to the European level. My mother gets between 300-400. She is a nurse. My father has to work in Germany to keep the family. Since the begin of my memory he works abroad. We saw him very rarely. Because there is no other way.
But back to Gyurcsany:
Why do the number of anti-Semite people and comment grow???
You can not hate a men just because. You can not hate a party just because. to be continued
Monika, Haarlem, Netherland
The hole in the Arpad-flag theoretically would be a good compromise, but it would not immediately calm all of them who is against the Arpad-flag.
Because the question is not only to distance or not from bad symbols, but finding symbols for the current opposition or taking away their new way to express their identity (of being against postcommunist).
FILO, Budapest, Hungary
I think Mr Gyurcsany can say whatever he wants about flags and other issues, to me he's lost his credibility and fills his position only because he is the best that the socialists have.
To stick to the subject about flags I can see how a flag forbidden in the socialist regime can be a sentimental tool in the hands of right wing extremists but if it had been a nazi symbol its presence would not have been allowed in the Parliament.
The Terrorhaza muzeum (www.terrorhaza.hu) aims to educate people without bias on the history of the hungarian nazis.
The solution to the present tension requires the political elite to accept their democratic responsibilities and make decisions on a consensus basis. Then, maybe right-wing extremists would not have the opportunity to hijack legitimate protests and riot on the streets.
Szilvia Smith, London, UK