Tony Halpin in Moscow
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Russia has begun to build the world’s first floating nuclear power plant despite warnings from environmentalists that it risks creating a disaster.
The £100 million vessel, the Lomonosov, is the first of seven plants that Moscow says will bring vital energy resources to remote Russian regions as well as potential foreign markets. It will house two 35-megawatt reactors capable of supplying a city of 200,000 people when it starts operations, in three years’ time.
Environmental groups and nuclear experts fear that floating plants will be more vulnerable to accidents and terrorism than land-based stations. They point to a history of naval and nuclear accidents in Russia and the former Soviet Union, most notoriously at Chernobyl in 1986.
Nils Boehmer, an expert on Russia’s nuclear industry at Bellona, a Norwegian environmental group, said that floating power plants “raised a lot of new questions because this kind of facility has never been used in the world before”.
“There is so little infrastructure in these remote areas that it will be very difficult to control the plants if something goes wrong. It will also be difficult to maintain a full cohort of engineers,” he told The Times.
“There will be a risk of hijack and terrorist attack because it is much harder to secure floating facilities. The security services in Russia have done exercises on nuclear-powered ice-breakers and found that it is very easy to take control of them.”
Sergei Kiriyenko, head of the Russian atomic energy agency, insisted that the project was safe and pointed to the disaster on board the Kursk nuclear submarine in 2000 as evidence.
The Kursk sank in the Barents Sea in 2000 with the loss of all 118 crew after a torpedo exploded on board. The floating power plants will house reactors similar to those used in the Russian submarine fleet. “The most reliable test of such a reactor was the Kursk tragedy. After the boat was raised, specialists proved that the reactor could be put into service at that very moment,” Mr Kiriyenko said.
The Sevmash plant, which will produce the floating power plants, is the largest shipbuilding complex in Russia, employing more than 25,000 people. Most of its contracts have been for nuclear submarines.
The first vessel will be towed to a bay off the northern White Sea port of Severodvinsk in 2010 to supply electricity to nearby defence facilities. The far-eastern regions of Kamchatka and Chukotka, which are governed by Roman Abramovich, the owner of Chelsea Football Club, are in line for other vessels.
The atomic energy agency said that at least 12 countries were also interested in buying floating nuclear plants. China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Algeria and Argentina have all been mentioned as potential buyers.
Vladimir Kuznetsov, a former head of the Russian nuclear inspectorate, co-authored a report on floating nuclear plants that concluded that they were “inherently unsafe”. He told The Times yesterday that there was a danger of enriched uranium, the essential component of a nuclear bomb, ending up in the wrong hands.
“There is a clear danger of nuclear proliferation if these plants are sold to other countries. There is also a very high risk of terrorist attack,” he said.
The floating plants are backed by President Putin as part of a programme to raise the proportion of Russian electricity generation from nuclear power from 17 per cent to 25 per cent. They can operate for up to 15 years without refuelling and have an expected working life of 40 years before being towed back to the production yard for decommissioning.
The United States toyed briefly with building floating nuclear plants along its eastern seaboard in the 1970s. The Westinghouse Electric Company even built a huge dry-dock in Jacksonville, Florida, to produce and launch the units.
But energy conservation measures after the 1973 oil shock made the project less attractive economically, and the accident at Three Mile Island in 1979 turned the public mood against nuclear power.
Russia has revived the idea as a solution to the problems of energy supply in its sparsely populated regions. The floating unit generates a small fraction of the power of a standard Russian land-based nuclear power plant. Russian authorities argue that their long experience of operating nuclearpowered ships shows that the technology is safe.
Once towed into position off the coast, the vessel will be linked to the onshore grid to supply heat and light to the local population.
Experts say that it can also operate as a desalination plant, producing up to 240,000 cubic metres of fresh water a day from the sea.
The Sevmash plant is expected to sell 20 per cent of its electricity to private consumers in the energy-hungry east of Russia, which often experiences power shortages in winter, when temperatures regularly plunge to minus 40C.
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wot about that big cherynoble accident i heard if it was flooded with water n it got to hot it could blow up and make it an even bigger one than the other disaster n it would be really bad if it happened all over the world no one has anywhere to live as it is
kirsty, birmingham, england
Holy crap. A floating reactor in a non-military undefended ship? We're all doomed! Doomed!
Alex, NY, USA
Provided sufficent security and enviromental safeguards are in place, this seems to be a good idea. Why not use Pebble bed reactors? That way the nuclear proliferation is a non-issue.
Camden, Perth, Western Australia
There is a real need for floating power especially in South Africa as the first winter hits the shores. Power outage of up to 3 days is all ready being reported in suburbs around the Cape. The national power supplier simply cant keep up with the growth, and with the Soccer World Cup coming up in 2010 even more pressure is being placed on the national grid. This ship can be send around the world to emergency zones etc. without needing local resources. Great idea but would be nice to see an international effort to ensure standards are maintained. How about putting Green Peace in charge?
Johan Ehlers, Saldanha, South Africa
Is it possible that there is so much interest in nuclear energy (of all stripes), because there has been a huge amount of financial investment in its potential? Investors want to make certain they get their projected profits. Investment stategists in this country have predicted nuclear stocks will be THE money making stock that replaces coal and oil investments. Well, look where investing in those two commodities got us?
Cian, Richmond, U.S. A.
Every time there are plans to build nucear plants I would like to see a compulsory report accompanying the plans on how the waste is going to be dealt with.
It is always my first reaction when I see any new projects involving nuclear material. Russia has an horrendous reputation for dealing with all forms of waste material, be it industrial or nuclear.
I haven't seen any plans for dealing with the waste from this sailing nuclear plant - whats to stop anyone throwing it overboard!!!
Maureen Childs, Kableshkovo, Bulgaria
Currently there are nuclear ice breakers. Nothing has happened with them. Surely if US was behind this, there would be less critique. With careful planning, this should be rather safe, but I do agree selling to "unreliable" countries might not be the best action. However, I find it rather funny that so much focus goes on criticizing a project that hasn't even taken place yet. There are a lot more "current" problems that need our atention.
Laura, Helsinki, Finland
Irrational fear over nuclear power is one of the greatest threats to civilisation at the moment - sounds a meladramatic statement, but this fear prevents us moving to a safe, carbon free energy source. Having worked on nuclear sites in a variety of countries, these are orders of magnitude safer than other industrial facilities.
Peter, London, Uk
Nuclear reactors on ships? Why not!
We have came a long way since NS Savannah and realisticly, how many accidents have you heard about from ships - caused by the on board reactor(s)?!
The US rely on Rickovers legacy but be adviced, the Russians are ahead of the western reactor technology regarding miniature nuclear power plants for satellites as well as having an excellent experience from submarines and other marine vessels with nuclear power plants.
The problem is the Russian tendency to mess up the maintenance and safety procedures.
And what about terrorists? Well, You shoulds be able to secure a boat almost as well as the unsecured land based power plants...
Dan Andersson, Hull, UK
I'd like to point out to Ian that nuclear aircraft carriers and submarines are highly guarded, fortress-like military platforms. The likelihood that these power stations would have as much protection is rather less likely I would have thought..
Ben, London,
I think this is not a bad idea, at least it's fresh idea. Russian is not careless as described in novels or films, they did make some good stuff. Let's look back to first nuclear submarine, who can guarantee the safety of it? No one could but we still built it for national safety, dissociable?
Jacky, BJ, China
"And what happens if there's a giant storm in the Arctic?"
The comment above illustrates the difficulties of the uneducated public appraising complicated technical issues.
Giant storms (often referred to as hurricanes) originate from air rising over warm oceans and their winds receive their force from the coriolis effect due to the earth's rotation. As the Arctic doesn't actually have warm oceans and, being so close to the Pole, the coriolis effect is negligible the best it can achieve in storms are the normal, more moderate ones.
Actually, from a safety & security point of view putting a reactor on a floating platform, providing it is suitably constructed, seems an excellent option.
PJ, London, England
Why when Russia tries to do something we find so many critics of its action?
Tomo, Tokyo, Japan
Fellow Ian, I disagree heavily.
Bad enough that Shipcarriers are parked near big towns with all the danger they carry.
But at least they have got a whole Army to protect them right away. And they are being maintained by trustworthy countries.
It is a completely different thing to send a nuke-plant into the remote areas of russian backlands. Or worst of all even selling them to unreliable countries. The control of nuklear power might easily slip out of control.
Jonathan, frank, Germany
thank God for INTERNATIONAL RESCUE!!!
allan, auckland, newzealan
People need to get over their fears of nuclear power safety. Nuclear power has been used on ships for many years and they dock near city centres around the world. The ships are aircraft carriers(USA) and submarines (Russia, UK, France, China and the USA). If a utility company planned to build a nuclear power station in a city centre, everyone would go nuts. So get over! Nuclear power is safe with many thousands of safe operating hours in service. Convention power stations have safety problems and industrial plants as well. I say that this proposal is a "good idea" and Russia should be congratulated for trying to bring energy supplies to remote areas.
Ian Robinson, Grangemouth, scotland
Why not find a small deserted Island somwhere
John, Salford, England
I think that this idea is not the best. But at list this is solution of the problem of shortage in east regions of my country. I am glad that our government decided to do anything)))And I am sure that it is safe the only thing that make make me worry is that at the time when they build this vessel probably there will be noone to use all this electricity.
Denis, Izhevsk, Russia
Wow, the Russians have, yet again, proved that they do not understand the first thing about safety. They are putting nuclear reactors, let alone Russian nuclear reactors, on ships? You must be kidding me. The Russians have holes in the walls surrounding facilities that hold nuclear weapons, and hte world is supposed to assume that they will be able to keep a floating nuclear reactor safe? And what happens if there's a giant storm in the Arctic? If one of these ships sink? And what about a nuclear meltdown? This is just a bad idea, especially if supplied to countries such as Indonesia and Algeria, who may use the ships to start up a mini-nuke program. But who knows? I just hope the worst doesn't happen first.
Rye, Palo Alto, California
Russia can do what ever they want. Europe needs their oil, and is willing to look away at anything they do. Germany and Western Europe has already sold out Eastern members of the EU to get cheap energy.They do not even care that Putin has eliminated democracy. So to Russia, do what you want, just keep the oil coming.
NIck KNight, Gdynia, Poland