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Denmark may be chilly but it is the most contented place in Europe, while Mediterranean countries are the most miserable, according to a study that concluded that sunshine does not make you happy.
Asked to rate their mood on a scale of one to ten, Scandinavians dominate the happiness league, with Danes averaging 8.3 and Finns 8.1. Italians, Portuguese and Greeks are at the bottom of the table.
The survey also indicated that, despite warmer summers, the British are becoming more depressed. Their happiness rating has slipped in the two years since the last analysis by the University of Cambridge of the European Social Survey.
The keys to contentment are reliable friends, neighbours and jobs as well as trustworthy national institutions such as government, police and monarchy, the researchers concluded.
“The idea that people are happiest along the sunny banks of the Mediterranean does not appear to be true,” said Luisa Corrado, Marie-Curie Fellow at the Faculty of Economics, who led the research. “Italy, Portugal and Greece are consistently among the lowest-scoring countries in the survey, while the highest scores were registered in the chillier surrounds of Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands, and among the table-topping Danes.”
Danish politics may be boring but that is just the way the Danes like it. They have a high GDP and low unemployment but also love their royal family and enjoyed a romantic wedding between Prince Frederik and Mary Donaldson, an Australian advertising executive, in 2004. All these factors contributed to making the area around Copenhagen the happiest out of all 180 regions in 15 EU countries studied.
Lars Bernhard Jorgensen, head of the Wonderful Copenhagen tourist board, said that the secret of the region’s happiness lay in its balance between work and family life, and city and countryside. “We are a small country and there is not a great difference between the top and bottom economically. It is also easy to get decisions made because it not a very hierarchical society.” Dr Corrado added: “The countries that scored highest also reported the highest levels of trust in their governments, laws and each other. The UK shows falling trust in government, the police and other institutions and higher social distrust.”
In the EU-funded survey, about 20,000 people are asked every two years to rate their overall happiness and longer-term sense of fulfilment. The scores are then checked against a more extensive survey designed by psychologists. Happier people tended to have lots of friends and acquaintances, as well as at least one very close friend or a partner. Women generally said that they were happier than men, while the elderly and young were happier than the middle-aged.
The only regions of Britain to average 8 out of 10 were East Anglia, London and the East Midlands, while everywhere else was at 7.5, putting Britain ninth out of 15 EU countries.
People who are indigenous citizens of their country tended to be happier than those who were not, probably because they had wider social networks, Dr Corrado said. “The message to policy-makers is that they should therefore promote social inclusion, because that brings the psychological integration that is essential to happiness,” she said.
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The idea that Denmark has a suicide rate higher than that of the Mediterranean countries is not incompatible with the idea that Danes on the average are truly the "happiest" people in Europe. As others have pointed out, suicides may be more accurately reported in Scandinavia. But there also is a "contrast effect" for depressed people. No matter how high the average level of contentment, some people in any culture are going to be clinically depressed. If a lot of other people around you are unhappy, you may see your depression as being more "normal" and therefore be less likely to commit suicide. If everyone else around you is happy, you may see your own state as being more abnormal and hopeless and therefore be more likely to want to kill yourself. Statistics seem to show that suicide rates are higher on sunny days that cloudy, and in peace time than during war, for similar reasons. So a generally happy culture could lead the truly depressed to be more suicidal.
Cleveland Kent Evans, Omaha, USA/Nebraska
Yes Knocke and Alex but I did a search on suicide rates yesterday. I saw that the rates of suicide of the Mediteranean countries are MUCH lower than the Nordic countries, and Denmark has one of the middle/higher rates of suicide, (I think number 11?) If they are so happy, why are they killing themselves so much? Of course as Knocke said, there are perhaps differences in how suicide statistics are gathered - but still. I think these happiness surveys are not that reliable, as many people are in denial, and have a cultural obligation to PRETEND they are happy. And I think being able to admit all is not always perfect in the end, makes you happier.
Claudia, Atlanta, USA
Nick Palmer MP, Nottingham, UK says in his reply, quote,
"It was an important factor which led me into the Labour party - I wanted to help us get the same kind of atmosphere that I'd known in Denmark as a child." end quote.
What the hell went wrong then Nick Palmer , since we all now know what the UNICEF report said about the UK's treatment of children ?.
Your Government has done nothing for children or anyone else come to that ,so what Party are you now going to join that will achieve your desires ?.
John, Woking, UK
to Nick. you are in the wrong Party then. If you want all Green space built on and big business to close down traditional shops and allow the unions to put the economic interests of themselves and the Labour Party ahead of creating a good and happy society by all means stay with Labour. If you'd rather have grean space, clean air, local independent shops, a quality of life please cross the floor and join the conservitives. oh and stop using the is a forum to score political points.
to Nick, Huddersfield,
I guess this survey infers another conclusion: that wealth DOES influence the 'happiness level'. The regions marked as the happiest are actually the most prosperous countries in Western Europe economically: Denmark, The Netherlands, Finland and Sweden, whereas the poorest ones (Greece, Portugal) have claimed to be the most miserable. That's quite an interesting implication, I'd say.
Eugene Vorobyov, Kiev, Ukraine
Germans are never happier than when they can be miserable. Check out their literature. I have a German mother and studied German at Manchester.I've lived here for half my adult life and I think they have a higher standard of living and better quality of life, but they don't. A better-funded health system, six weeks' paid holiday PLUS extra holiday pay a year, many more public holidays than in the UK, a culture that doesn't believe that you have to work the long hours as in the UK (there ARE people who put in the hours, but they are more to be pitied).
Now Denmark, having had a Danish boyfriend in Randers, I would regularly travel up there by train. As soon as we crossed the border, I would notice the difference. MUCH quieter. The Danes are so laid back that I swore they were all on drugs. So calm, so relaxed. Such a peaceful country. Given the recent articles and opinions on noise pollution in the UK, this might well be a contributing factor. But then - you'd have to respect others.
Tina, Deganwy, Wales
Actually the highest suicide rates (%) are Sri Lanka, Lithuania and Russia - Finland comes in at around 22nd.
Alex, Sydney, Australia
I mostly grew up in Denmark, and always thought it was a happier country than Britain, partly because of better social cohesion and equality. It was an important factor which led me into the Labour party - I wanted to help us get the same kind of atmosphere that I'd known in Denmark as a child.
Nick Palmer MP, Nottingham, UK
Concerning "The Scandinavian suicide rate": Isn't there something about three factors distorting international comparisons?
(1) Scandinavians being quite irreligious will not camouflage their suicide in order to ensure a Christian burial.
(2) Life assurance is often paid out in Scandinavia because suicide is considered a disease, another reason for not camouflaging.
(3) Apparently, if you try to commit suicide by, say, poisoning and are rescued in hospital, and soon afterwards die from some normally non-lethal ailment because the suicide attempt (the poison) has weakened your constitution, the Scandinavian death certificate will state "Suicide" as cause of death, while in other countries it will state the ailment.
For what it's worth.
A Scandinavian living in France.
Knocke, Rouen, France
I think it's mostly genetic. I have both Italian and German relatives and their outlooks generally mimic these results. I think Mediterranean sorts sometimes enjoy being unhappy. For instance, when we go to a restaurant, my German father happily eats anything he is given. My Italian mother in contrast loves to criticize and complain about the food. She likes to compare it to the best that the food could be and dreams about food perfection. So, there is a difference in expectations.
And also, I think there can be a sort of happiness in unhappiness as well, and satisfaction in being able to complain and getting it all out. Perhaps that is why I believe the Scandanavian suicide rate is the highest in the world,
Claudia, Atlanta, USA