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The beautiful women of the ancient world have always had a dangerous streak. The face of Helen of Troy launched a thousand warships, and now the exquisite Queen Nefertiti is at the heart of an imminent museum war between Germany and Egypt.
The 3,400-year-old bust of the wife of the Sun King Akhenaten has been in German hands since it was dug out of the desert by the archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt in 1912. It was smuggled out of Egypt and became a central part of Berlin’s museum collection.
Now the Egyptians want it back, if not for keeps, then at least on loan to mark the opening in 2012 of a new Grand Egyptian Museum, near the Pyramid at Giza. If the Egyptian Museum in Berlin does not agree, says Zahi Hawass, there will be trouble. “We will make the lives of these museums miserable,” the secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Egypt said. “It will be a scientific war.”
German officials say that the bust is too fragile to travel. “Nefertiti is not a pop star that can simply go on tour,” a senior official said. Dietrich Wildung, head of the Egyptian Museum, says there is no doubt that Nefertiti is German property. “She was donated to the state museum in 1920 by James Simon [who sponsored the Borchardt dig].”
The bust, he says, has become globally famous in a way that it would not have had it stayed in Egypt. “Nefertiti has become an outstanding example of how the foreign can be integrated into society,” Dr Wildung says. “She is accepted, not assimilated. She keeps her separateness and her uniqueness, yet she belongs here.”
Nefertiti, in other words, is not budging. Mr Hawass has sent the Germans an ultimatum: “We will never again organise antiquities exhibitions in Germany if it refuses the request, to be issued this week, to allow the bust to be displayed in Egypt for three months.” The Germans, say the Egyptians, are afraid that they will never get Nefertiti back if they let her return home. “They think we will be like the Raiders of the Lost Ark, that we will take it and not return it,” said Mr Hawass, who has been a vociferous champion for the permanent return of Egyptian artefacts.
The special beauty of the Nefertiti bust — the face painted on limestone, poised on top of a swanlike neck — was apparent to Borchardt as soon as he found it in the old settlement of Amarna, 150 kilometres (90 miles) south of Cairo.
“Suddenly we had the most alive Egyptian artwork in our hands,” he wrote in his diary.
“You cannot describe it with words. You can only see it.”
To take it out of the country, Borchardt had to hide the bust on an inventory and declare it as a minor find.
Ironically, the only official who ever considered giving it back was Hermann Goering, the Nazi air force chief, who later plundered Europe’s art collections. Hitler overruled him: Nefertiti was to be the jewel in the crown, he said, of a redesigned Berlin that was to be called Germania, the capital of the Thousand-Year Reich.
“I really want it back,” Mr Hawass says of Nefertiti, and most Egyptians seem to agree. They were as upset as him in 2003, when the Egyptian Museum let two artists place the bust on top of a nearly naked female bronze for a video spectacle.
Egyptian cultural officials were so outraged by what they said was the abuse of Nefertiti that they banned further German exploration in their country. “I thought it was disgusting,” Mr Hawass said.
On that occasion the Germans backed down, and the video of Nefertiti was not sent, as planned, to the Venice Biennale modern art festival. This time, it seems, the Germans are not prepared to give ground.
Royal beauty
—Nefertiti means “a beautiful woman has arrived” — leading some scholars to
believe she came from a foreign land, possibly Mesopotamia
—Most agree she co-ruled Egypt from 1353-1336BC
—An inscription on her husband’s statue proclaimed: “And the Heiress, Great in
the Palace, Fair of Face, Adorned with the Double Plumes, Mistress of
Happiness, Endowed with Favours, at hearing whose voice the King rejoices,
the Chief Wife of the King, his beloved, the Lady of the Two Lands,
Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti” Sources: Akhet.co.uk; Discovery.com
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The bust of Nefertiti belongs in Egypt. Nefertiti herself is long gone - she is the Sun Goddess.
J Douglas, Christchurch, New Zealand
This article sounds remarkably like one I read on the National Geographic News website a week before the Tmes story appeared. Same quotes from Zahi Hawass and everything. Check it out:
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/04/070418-nefertiti-egypt.html
Marilyn Terrell, Annandale, VA
Masterpieces makes the soul of their countries. Therefore they belong to the whole world but must be seen where they are from.
José, ANGRA DO HEROÍSMO, portugal
I fully agree with the above comments--the head of Nefertiti should be returned to Egypt.
And, oh, by the way can Britain have back its Magna Carta, its Chaucer and Towneley Play manuscripts from the US, as part of its own cultural heritage?
Can it also have back the railways and factories it built in Egypt ,as part of its industrial heritage? (And in South America and China and India and ... )
And can it also have back the parliamentary constitutions it left in Africa, as an integral part of its political history (ah, whoops, I forgot those rights have already been destroyed in most of those countries).
I intend to sell my Lada car in Mongolia next year. No doubt in a 1000 years time it will become the subject of an artistic tug-of-war as to who has rights to its immense cultural value.
patrick connolly, London, UK
The Germans should set an example and show the whole world how a suposedly civilized nation shoul act. There is no single doubt that Nefertiti is EGYPTIAN...stop depriving us of our own culture. If the Germans are so concerned about the well being of Nefertiti, it is worth noting that Egypt is currently building the world's biggest museum (which will cost close to $1 billion) and probably Nefertiti will have a decent place to live (may be even better than her Berlin temporary residence). Nefertiti will feel more comfortable living in her indigenous land and among her own people..that is were she really belongs. One advice to the Germans is to keep themselves busy excavating their own land, they might find some signs of old civilization in their country if any?...
Outraged Egyptian, New York, United States
The Germans are afraid because they know that Mr. Hawas recently succeeded to return back to Egypt alot of antiquities properties, that have been taken out of the country illegally.Hitler, as the news say, loved this statue, he even stressed on the fact that Nefertit belongs to Germany.If German officials approved the move and Mr. Hawass did not return it, history will never forget them.But, the man already said that; we will return back.The new Egyptian musuem is very close to my house, it is really marvellous!
Ramsis II satatue has been transferred to it very recently.
I find it very ironic, that we do not have the right to exhibit or own properties, that have been taken from our land by theft!
Hazem Wefy, Giza, Egypt
The Germans are afraid because they know that Mr. Hawas recently succeeded to return back to Egypt alot of antiquities properties, that have been taken out of the country illegally.Hitler, as the news say, loved this statue, he even stressed on the fact that Nefertit belongs to Germany.If German officials approved the move and Mr. Hawass did not return it, history will never forgive them.But, the man already said that; we will return back.The new Egyptian musuem is very close to my house, it is really marvellous!
Ramsis II satatue has been transferred to it very recently.
I find it very ironic, that we do not have the right to exhibit or own properties, that have been taken from our land by theft!
Hazem Wefy, Giza, Egypt
The Germans are being typically straightforward in this matter. They need to be more perfidious. They should make a perfect copy of the bust and send it to Egypt as the original, concealing the original at the same time, of course. If the Egyptians dont return it, thinking it is the original, they resurrect the original and make whatever claims suit them. Can we think of a precedent for this arrangement?
Henry Percy, London, UK
II do come from the same province where they found the bust of Queen Nefertiti and I know exactly where the German expedition found it, I also know that they smuggled it to Germany by abusing the rules at the time of the excavation, it is one way direction to take only but not to give back which is showing a bit of selfishness & greed. Ive nearly cried when I sow the bust of Nefertiti in Berlin Museum 6 years ago as I thought every one in Egypt should see her & her Beauty in real!!
Gama Ibrahim, El-Minia, Egypt
'Isis' - "safe and secure"? You're talking of a country that has a long and glorious history of selling its own culture for profit. Not to mention that the Cairo Museum is one of the worst equipped museums I have ever seen and that many things are still stored in tombs in the Valley of the Kings for lack of space. Even items from Tut's tomb have disappeared in the interim. While Nefertiti may be treated fairly well because she is in the spotlight, many artifacts have been seriously damaged by remaining in Egypt.
I say keep it in Germany. It's well taken care of & I don't trust Hawass any farther than I can throw him.
L.S., L.A.,
What about all the art work from all over the world which is on display at the British Museum? Surely not all of those came out of British soil? If you want the German to give back Nefertiti to Egypt why not clean up your own door step too?
Katrina, Berlin, Germany
The bust was smuggled out of Egypt by a German thief, or should we say the white people, like always. Always stealing items, or should I say people, that don't belong to them. Mr Ludwig had no right to take what was NOT rightously his. Nefertiti needs to go back home where she belongs, safe and secure, not being toyed around by the other kind.
Isis, New York,
There is now doubt...NEFERTITI belongs to EGYPT...
She is the beautiful one...... Germany does not
have in its history such a beauty to display and so must
steal from Egypt... Its way past time to send her home.
Sandra USA
..
sandra mcclure, hagerstown, MARYLAND
Where was she found? In the ground in Egypt and that is where she should stay. It is like taking an African Queen out of the African desert and placing that Queen in Antartica. Return Nefertiti to her home where she belongs!
Los Angeles, California
Jeralyn, Los Angeles, CA
I think that it's a non-sense discussion. Nefertiti belongs to the whole world and both museums should have the right to expose it.
Mariano, BSAS, Argentina
I understand where the Egyptians are coming from, but at the same time I have to think, what sort of a world would it be if museums only had items from their own nation? Isn't there something to be said for exposing people to art and artifacts from a broad range of cultures and times?
Andrew, Atlanta, USA
It should stay in Germany. The way museums are being treated is beginning to spiral out of control. It is on display for everyone to see in one of the most accessible cities in the world.
Adam, London, UK
It's time that Nefertiti goes home. This is just juvenile. Regardless of who did what where and when. Doesn't matter. When will the madness stop. How would the Eiffel Tower look in Luxor? Or Big Ben in Abu Simbel. I feel that Germany lost all rights to her when they displayed her in the most disgraceful manner a few years ago. Get over it and send her home!
Mintaka, Montreal, Canada
The statue should return to Egypt and it has been smuggled to Germany. Hope all the smuggled Treasures return to the Countries they truly belong to!
Karim Mostafa, Huningue, France
They have to give it back, now that everybody knows and take care of antiques. It´s a part of them culture, at least they have to share it with Egypt.
Violet, Buenos Aires, Argentina
the bust of Nefertiti belongs in Egypt not in Germany !!!
ashley andes, johnson city, united states tennessee
Possession is nine-tenths of the law, I believe. I don't approve of the statue being smuggled to Germany but would it have ever been found if it wasn't for the Germans. And, if it hadn't been smuggled out, I'll bet it would have disappeared and no-one would have got a look at it or it would have received some amateur repair in those times. At least it is cared for and on display now and I think they are right to have misgivings regarding it ever being returned.
Christine ter Meulen, Hayes, Middlesex, England
The Nefertiti bust should return to Egypt where it truly belongs.
Prakadsak Bunturat, Phitsanulok, Thailand
nefertiti means a woman has arrived leading some scholars to beleive she came from foreign land as possible mesopotamia
Zeba, addison, ill
I say the two football selections meet for a winner-takes-the-nerferbabe
match.
Eugene, Heidelberg, germany
What is ironic about foreigners having taken possession of Egyptian artifacts is this: Had they not (removed, stolen) the artifacts, most of them would have been destroyed or badly damaged by tomb robbers. These artifacts do belong to the country of Egypt, and thus, should really be returned. Egypt on the other hand, should make some compensation to the "host" country.....say some sort of revolving exchange of artifacts to fill the void of the one sought.
Surely a revolving exchange of history can be worked out.
Mike Hermsen, Omaha, Nebraska/U.S.A.