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The Dutch national airline is facing calls for an inquiry into its role in helping Nazis to flee to South America, after the discovery of documents suggesting that it played an active role in smuggling suspected war criminals out of Germany.
KLM, Royal Dutch Airlines, has always denied that it had a policy of assisting Nazis to escape justice at the hands of the Allies after the Second World War, when hundreds escaped to Argentina.
But papers revealing the activities of a mysterious Herr Frick in trying to help Germans to cross into Switzerland then to fly to Buenos Aires have raised fresh questions about the behaviour of one of Europe’s best-known airlines in the mid-1940s.
“The documents give the distinct impression that KLM was intensively involved in transporting Nazis,” said Marc Dierikx, an aviation historian at the Institute for Netherlands History in The Hague.
Argentina provided sanctuary for many Germans fleeing war-torn Europe after the war.
It was the refuge of senior Nazis such as Joseph Mengele, the doctor at Auschwitz nicknamed the Angel of Death, and Adolf Eichmann, who oversaw the death camps where millions perished.
The existence of a shadowy network of Nazi sympathisers helping to organise the escape route was depicted in Frederick Forsyth’s novel The Odessa File.
Suspected war criminals could not obtain official papers to leave Germany. But some adopted false identities, and KLM acknowledges that some of its passengers were probably fleeing Nazis. It insists, however, that its role was not to police its passengers but to carry those who turned up with valid papers who had completed airport security checks by the Allied authorities.
In papers unearthed in Swiss archives by Dutch documentary-makers, Herr Frick, said to be a KLM representative, is documented in October 1948 asking the Swiss authorities to allow potential passengers from Germany to cross the border without the proper papers.
Sander Rietveld, a journalist on the Netwerk programme, said: “It is a memo from the Swiss border police about a visit of the local KLM representative Herr Frick. He asked the Swiss police to allow Germans without an Ersatzpasse – or permission of the Allies – to enter Switzerland so that they could board planes to Argentina. On this occasion the Swiss police refused, although we know that in reality they did allow Germans to pass without permission. The point is that it shows KLM actively approached the Swiss police.”
KLM said that it did not know of a former employee called Herr Frick. However, passenger lists unearthed in the Argentine capital show long lists of German names, including two former Nazis.
Opposition MPs are demanding an independent inquiry and Bart Koster, a spokesman for KLM, said that he would advise the company’s board to commission one. He told Radio Netherlands: “If we really want to be sure what happened, we have to have a thorough investigation.”
An inquiry could reopen controversy about the role of the Dutch Royal Family as the late Prince Bernhard, father of Queen Beatrix, was on KLM's board in the postwar years.
But Mr Koster said that there was nothing in the formal board minutes or in KLM’s archives to indicate it had been involved in the transportation of former Nazi criminals from Germany.
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That is history's worth, knowing it is not an exercise in nostalgia or witch hunting, understanding how and why it happened should inspire us to know better next time
Armando, Caracas, Venezuela
We all need to hear the truth, however old, painful or uncomfortable. Weak as it is, this is the only defence against barbarity and corruption. This is not about dwelling in the past, but trying to bring about a better future.
Jane, Cambridge, UK
Ya, time to move on, no point in dwelling on the past.
Adolf, Montevideo, Uraguay
At this point in time and history, does anyone really care how those Nazis got out of Germany after the War? Aren't there more important things to consider? KLM has enough to deal with already. Leave the airline alone, for God's Sake!
John E Durbin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
If for no other reason than closure this should be investigated. Many of the true believers in National Socialism escaped justice. Most are dead, 'tis true, but the legacy of their brand of hatred lives on. Investigations such as this are neccessary if we are to keep this from ever happening again.
Jonathan, Walla Walla, U.S.A./Washington
It all happened so long ago, can't we just forget it and move on. I mean, never forget the dead, but the people we're accussing of helping these nazis are also dead, so who really cares. No one in this company KLM (which I've never heard of and I've flown to Holland a dozen times) has anything to do with all that. so.................... who cares?
aaron, pensacola, florida
History is history. The fact that events happened 60 years or more ago is no excuse to ignore them. Look at Estonia, which is still affected by the results of three occupations: 1940 by the Soviet Union, 1941 by the Nazis and 1944, by the Soviets again.
The Dutch World War Two record is a mixed bag. While heroic Dutch people hid Jews in farmhouses and joined the Resistance, others (around 22,000) joined the Waffen-SS to fight as volunteers on the Ostfront with the Germans. In 1935 (i.e. well before WWII), 7% of Dutch votes went to the Dutch Nazi party, the NSB. Jews were rounded up using Dutch police records and transported, via Westerbork transit camp, to Auschwitz. Those Jews that survived and returned were given the cold shoulder.
All that is history. We may forgive, but must never forget. If KLM smuggled Nazis, the world should know. Even now, over 60 years later.
Eric, Blaricum, Netherlands
Let sleeping dogs lie. What good is it doing to make an investigation? With what purpose? This is just another muck-raking political exercise. Spend your time investigating connections of international firms with shady links to the current Mugabi regime or some other African tin-pot dictatorship which is busy murdering people TODAY, not more than 60 years ago. We can't change the THEN but we can do something about the NOW.
Ad, Hamburg, Germany
The job of a salesman is to fill his plane with paying passengers by whatever means he can (specially of an airlilne salesman whose potentially empty seat evaporates the minute the plane takes off - been thee, done that). The allegations being thrown at such a person could not be construed to reflect on management policy of his employer. This is not history but witch-hunting for the sake of someone gaining his one minute's worth of fame
P, Lausanne, Switzerland
wow - two nazis on the passenger lists! during how many years?
crucify KLM!
mark, alicante, spain
In the chaotic post-war period during the reconstruction period, people are moving everywhere. From villages to towns and back again.
It is not possible for authorities to ask all questions and complete 100% screening of all passengers. If it was how could the 9/11 hijackers hijack those planes.
KLM might have carried then inadvertently. Your story is designed to sell newspapers. As far as I can see there is nothing in IATA regulations forbidding the transportation of "war criminals" then and now?
abraham, bandar seri begawan, brunei
Ridiculous.
When are people going to stop dredging through history to find sticks to beat people with and cause more trouble? People who weren't even born at the time!
Andrew Munn, Bangkok, Thailand