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Some of the most notorious Nazi concentration camps, now run as museums, could soon demand an entrance fee from visitors to help to finance educational facilities.
The prospect of paying to enter Dachau, where SS guards used to issue threats to inmates that they would leave only through the chimneys of the crematorium, has created controversy in Germany as the country considers how best to acknowledge its past.
Pieter Dietz de Loos, president of the International Dachau Committee, believes that there is no choice but to charge visitors. He says that the museum cannot meet its obligation to educate the young about the horrors of the Holocaust. Dachau, in a northern suburb of Munich, is visited by 800,000 people each year but the camp museum can only afford to pay one full-time educational assistant. Money is also running out to support Dachau survivors. “In five years we will be completely broke,” Mr Dietz de Loos said.
The idea of an entry ticket to the camps museum officials at Buchenwald and Ravens-brück have also given warning of cash shortages has outraged the Central Board of Jews in Germany. “These are graveyards,” a spokesman said. “You do not pay to mourn the dead.”
What appears to be the violation of a taboo is actually an argument about historical memory. There is no point, many camp museum directors argue, in preserving the sites of the Holocaust if staff are not present to explain how and why people were killed there.
“Between a third and a half of all requests for guided tours and educational support are having to be turned down,” said Günter Morsch, who supervises the memorial sites in Sach-senhausen, Ravensbrück and Brandenburg.
Former concentration camps in Germany are funded by both the federal and regional governments but the money, directors insisted, just about covered operating costs. Mr Morsch said that there was no extra funding for special exhibitions or seminars; the publication budget stretched to only two catalogues a year. The budget for Buchenwald camp has been capped since 1998.
Auschwitz, the biggest Nazi concentration camp, in southern Poland, receives more generous subsidies and has gained the support of Ron Lauder, the American philanthropost, to help to restore the splintering wooden barrack rooms of Auschwitz-Birkenau.
The camps in Germany, in contrast, have attracted little private sponsorship: companies do not want their brand associated with the Holocaust. Indeed, it took many decades to persuade the Bavarian government to make big investments in the upkeep of Dachau only in the late 1990s did the region pay for the construction of a hostel for visitors.
Even now the local council prefers to market itself as a pretty former artists’ colony rather than the place where more than 30,000 inmates died. Locals objected for years to the placing of signs directing visitors to the camp.
Of all the camps in Germany, Dachau usually stirs the deepest emotions among visitors. It was the first to be opened by the Nazis, in 1933, and was one of the last to be liberated. Most of the living quarters have been razed but one barrack room has row upon row of tiny beds.
The crematorium building, with stone ovens, stands outside the main museum building. Dachau was the scene of grisly medical experiments inmates were forced to drink gallons of saltwater infected with malaria, or were dipped into frozen water tanks.
The issue is complicated by the competition among the former Nazi camps for funding against east German sites that commemorate the victims of Stalinism. Christian Democrats, including Bernd Neu-mann, who is in charge of cultural affairs in Angela Merkel’s Chancellery, are arguing that Nazi and Communist sites should be managed along the same principles because all involved were “victims of political dictatorship”.
The Central Board of Jews said that this terminology was blurring the historical record, equating Stalinist crimes with those of the Nazis and diminishing the Holocaust. Only free access to the old Nazi camps could keep the German memory straight, they argued, and money for teaching would have to be found elsewhere, not by the sale of tickets.
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Education is the key to ensuring the atrocites of the past are not committed again. If this means that people who go to visit Dachau to learn about the holocaust have to pay a small charge then so be it. It is not a case of the Germans wanting to profit it is a case of running a museum costing money and that money needs to come from somewhere. I personally can't think of a better way to raise it than to charge people who come to visit.
Honour their memory and never forget!
Kate Tape, Loughborough, UK
In a few years no one will be alive in Germany who came into adulthood during the 1939/45 period. Therefore no adult in Germany alive will have had any hand in those events.I would close all the remaining camps and demolish them and use the land for something useful. They have outlived their usefullness. The time now is to move forward. Europe today has many problems a declining birthrate an ageing workforce,insecure borders and social unrest. Very few people have time for serious history and this unhealthy concentration on the second World war is perverse and depressing. We need positive forward thinking people proud of their heritage and determined to achieve much than they ever did in the last 1000 years. Towards a better tomorrow. I hope to live to see the day when someone who keeps harping on about Dachau be regarded like someone who smokes 60 cigarettes a days ...a fool.
J Smith, portsmouth, UK
Germany of the past has blood on it's hands and now modern day Germany wants blood money.
Yet again Germany has NO shame.
Modern day Germany wanting to profit from the worst crimes to humanity + wanting to make money from The Nazi's beggers belief.
Ian, Ilford, England
I have visited Auschwitz and can think of no reason why a contribution should not be made to the eternal preservation of the memory of one of the worst periods in human history.
Freestone, Oxford, UK
maybe the jews can afford to keep the camps going surely they have plenty of money to burn.
alan leonard, england,
How can it be that money is also running out to support Dachau survivors? Over the years the West Germans have paid massive amounts in reparations to holocaust survivors, and there must be very few survivors left by now.
Chris Wrench, London,
The U.S. paid for their defense for over 50 years and now the victims will have to pay admission to the KZ. Leave it to a German to know how to make a buck.
sb, Huber Heights, USA
Due to the nature of this museum, the fee should be paid in order to get out, not to get in. Use it as a learning moment.
Lee, sterling, va, USA
I visited Dachau in the late 80's as a young adult and although entrance to the camp was free, there was a small charge for going around the museum. I remember thinking at the time that this didn't feel right. The older the camps get the more money is going to be required to maintain them. Where this money, as well as the money required to educate, will come from I do not know. Maybe The UN should step in.
At Dachau the phrase, "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" appears almost as a mantra. It was on the memorial as well as being on the front cover of the guidebook. Genocide has occurred since the Second World War, in both Rwanda and Bosnia. Are we allowing ourselves to forget?
Visiting Dachau had a profound effect on me and the images of the bodies piled up in rooms that I then found myself standing will forever be etched in my memory. Perhaps visiting these places should be compulsory for the youth of today.
John Stewart, Newcastle, Edinburgh
I took a group of school kids (aged 14-15) to Auschwitz a couple of years ago. We prepared well - looking at the facts from a historical, religious, ethical point of view - and I'm glad we went there - but what I had never realised was how many local Poles also met their fate in these camps.
As said above "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" -it is important to remember what was done - and also look as those records which were not destroyed to piece together this shameful history.
And Dave - concentration camp = camp where people (the undesireables) were herded together. Daschua and Auschwitz were work camps, and Birkenau and Treblinka in particular were death camps. But in all -works makes free was a lie... death was for most - the only way out.
LK, Derby,
Having visited Dachau the one exhibit that struck me was the sign outside a room stating "Gas Chamber never used as a Gas Chamber". Turns out this was a post war construction by the Americans using SS forced labour.
Perhaps the Revisionists have it right. The people that gave us the Nazi gas chambers are the same ones that convinced us that Saddam had WMDs.
Mannstein, Cambridge, USA
Up until 1960 , it was claimed that there were gas chambers at Dachau. The U.S. Army made films which one can view on youtube posted by revisionists which claim that a "brausebad"
was infact a gas chamber . In 1960 Dr. Martin Broszat from the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich announced that there
were no gassings at Dachau, nor any of the other camps located in
Germany (Third Reich proper). Yad Vashem followed suit. If we
were lied to for 15 years about gas chambers at Dachau, then why should we believe that inmates were forced to drink salt water infected with malaria or that any other medical experiments were carried out there ?
Joseph, Chicago, Illinois
I visited Dachau in the late 80's as a young adult and although entrance to the camp was free, there was a small charge for going around the museum. I remember thinking at the time that this didn't feel right. The older the camps get the more money is going to be required to maintain them. Where this money, as well as the money required to educate, will come from I do not know. What I do know is that it is not only the responsibility of Germany to keep these sites alive but of the whole world. At Dachau the phrase, "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" appears almost as a mantra. It was on the memorial as well as being on the front cover of the guidebook. Genocide has occurred since the Second World War, in both Rwanda and Bosnia. Are we allowing ourselves to forget?
Visiting Dachau had a profound effect on me and the images of the bodies piled up in rooms that I then found myself standing will forever be etched in my memory. Perhaps visiting these places should be compulsory for the youth of today.
John Stewart, Newcastle, Edinburgh
We hope to visit some of the camps including Auschwitz this summer. I would be happy to pay a small fee to ensure the sites are well maintained and that there are guides available.
I understand why direct descendants of victims might be offended at having to pay but at the same time I would happily contribute to the upkeep of the graves of my relatives. Perhaps the donation could be voluntary as is the case in the Met Museum in NY on certain days.
It is understandable that modern Germans do not want to keep paying for the mistakes of those fifty years ago. Those who wish to see the camps must contribute to their up-keep.
Peter , Portstewart, Derry
It is a bit pedantic I know but not all the camps were concentration camps. Dachau was a concentration camp. People died there as a result of ill treatment and neglect but that wasn't the sole purprose of them, unlike death camps like Auschwitz/Birkenau, Sobobor and Treblinka.
Dave Proctor, Leeds,
Director of the Dachau Memorial - Barbara Distel - told me on May 13 that she believes Germany will never charge admission for any concentration camp memorial. As I wrote then: The suggestion has drawn criticism from survivors and from directors of other memorial sites in Germany. It also pits de Loos against the director of the Dachau memorial, Barbara Distel, who said that fees are charged "in France, but not in Germany."
(Germany correspondent, JTA)
Toby Axelrod, Berlin, Germany
I think it is reasonable to charge. Free entry for all is asking tax payers of a country which has bent over backwards to acknowledge and atone for the sins of Nazism to pay ad infinitum for memorials. Descendants should remain eligible to visit for free.
It is time to acknowledge that, while more horrific in method and objective, in scale Nazism's crimes were not much different to those of its sister philosophies of Communism. While Germany has hung its head in shame at the horrors of the Final Spolution, the Left has been allowed to slip away without ever facing up to the crimes committted in its name. The Central Board of Jews should do themselves and everyone else a favour by acknowledging that equally hideous crimes were committed elsewhere too.
mark mcfarland, dubai, uae
Only in Germany...
J, Brussels, Belgium