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Download the full communique from the G8 summit
Free food and champagne - a journalist's apprentice at the G8
The world's major powers have struck a deal over a process to cut greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 50 per cent by the middle of this century.
The agreement was announced by Angela Merkel, the German Chancellor, who has been hosting the summit of the Group of Eight leading industrialised nations.
The conference communique commits all the G8 nations "to taking strong and early action to tackle climate change in order to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".
This involves halting the rise in greenhouse gas emissions, and then actual cuts in emissions, the communique states.
"Taking into account the scientific knowledge as represented in the recent IPCC reports, global greenhouse gas emissions must stop rising, followed by substantial global emission reductions.
"In setting a global goal for emissions reductions in the process we have agreed today involving all major emitters, we will consider seriously the decisions made by the European Union, Canada and Japan which include at least a halving of global emissions by 2050.
"We commit to achieving these goals and invite the major emerging economies to join us in this endeavour."
Although G8 resolutions are not legally binding and the wording allows the United States to avoid formally comitting itself to a specific emissions target, the deal does commit the world's largest polluter to joining in fully with a United Nations-led process to find a successor to the Kyoto Protocol, which expires in 2012. The United States is the only G8 nation outside the Kyoto agreement.
Ms Merkel had argued that a cut to 50 per cent of the 1990 levels by 2050 was essential to ensure that global temperatures do not rise more than 2C (3.6F) above pre-industrial levels, a threshold the European Union says will trigger "dangerous" changes in the climate system.
"You need to keep the 50-per cent target or otherwise world temperatures will rise more than 2C," said Tobias Muenchmeyer of environmental group Greenpeace.
Nonetheless, Ms Merkel hailed the deal as a "huge success", adding that it came after many rounds of talks and negotiations on climate change. The accord was "a clear commitment to continue the UN climate process", she said.
Tony Blair described the deal as "a major, major step forward".
President Bush, who unveiled his own plan for cutting emissions beyond 2012 last week, has been reluctant to put a figure on the scale of reductions until China and India sign up as well.
Standing alongside Mr Blair this morning, Mr Bush said: "We are deadly earnest about getting something done.
"The US will be actively involved, if not taking the lead, in a post-Kyoto framework."
The deal was praised by the UN, which will seek a long-term plan to cut emissions at a major climate change conference in Indonesia later this year.
"It is a very positive outcome,” said Yvo de Boer, the head of the UN Climate Change Secretariat in Bonn. “It augurs very well for the conference of parties in Bali."
But environmental groups criticised the G8 for failing to set a specific emissions target within the communique.
Friends of the Earth International said the statement was “weak and lacked substance" while Philip Clapp, president of the US National Environmental Trust, said: “Chancellor Merkel and Prime Minister Blair are trying to portray this as a strong agreement. But President Bush didn’t give them an inch."
In a separate summit development, the war of words between America and Russia over US plans to deploy a missile defence system in central Europe, close to Russian soil, appeared to have calmed down.
Vladimir Putin, the Russian President, used an interview with The Times at the weekend to express his fury at the prospect of US missiles on Polish and Czech territory, and threaten to target Russian nuclear warheads at Europe in retaliation.
The falling-out had threatened to overshadow the summit. But after a bilateral meeting with Mr Bush today, Mr Putin appeared mollified, saying that if Washington and Moscow could co-operate transparently on missile defence "then we’ll have no problems".
But Mr Putin revealed that Russia's complaisance would come at a price, telling a press conference that he would drop his threat to retarget Russian missiles on Europe, if the United States agreed to put the system in Azerbaijan, rather than Eastern Europe.
There was no immediate US reaction.
Meanwhile Nicholas Sarkozy revealed that he and Mr Blair had used their bilateral meeting to thrash out a framework for a simplified treaty on Europe's institutions.
Mr Sarkozy has been pushing for a simplified treaty, that countries could ratify without consulting voters, to streamline decision-making in the Euroipean Union after French and Dutch voters rejected a European constitution in referendums in 2005.
Outside the Baltic resort of Heiligendamm, anti-G8 protesters were less successful than yesterday in their attempts to seal off the routes into the summit compound. Numerous protesters who had managed to get inside the so-called forbidden zone around the perimeter were allowed by police to remain there harmlessly.
Greenpeace demonstrators in speedboats buzzed past off the coast of the hotel where the leaders were talking, and after a lengthy chase were intercepted by the German authorities.
The anti-globalisation movement Attac said that 10,000 people took part in protests yesterday, which produced running skirmishes between police and oddly-clad demonstrators. More than 140 people were arrested and eight police were injured in the clashes.
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Well, its true that more should be done in reducing Global Warming's effect on the Earth. There are more economical risks if we say that the economy will be affected and leave the Earth to fend for itself. Go to http://www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/issues/art19627.html to check it out. Low-lying islands like the Maldives and Seychelles will be affected strongly. Erosion control measures taken by the governments there will affect tourist economy. Coral bleaching damages their reefs, too. They could even disappear if sea levels rise further! Its very important to act now. Al Gore, one of the former vice-presidents of the United States, is presently campaigning about the effects of global warming. He starred in the movie/documentary 'An Inconvenient Truth'. ^^I'm 13 years old, by the way.
Keane Looi, Singapore, Singapore
This is a sad, but crystal clear insight of American as-well-as the world's corporate and individual greed & apathy to the environment. The G-8 Summit leaders only accomplished one thing, they exposed their true colors, green. Not the green of grass or trees but the green of the dollar. George Bush has proved once again he is a weak and gutless follower, not the leader of what was the greatest country in the world.
D. Grant Gagen, Las Vegas, USA/Nevada
I have no doubt that the globe is warming. I also have no doubt that the pollution caused by human activities is contributing to it. What I do doubt, however, is that we really know to the extent it is caused by human behavior. To model the earth in the context of it's external and internal environment is difficult at best and I would have no faith in a model until it proves its capability to be predictive.
That said, we should do what's reasonable to reduce pollutants but not become unthinking nutty fanatics in the process.
Ice ages have come and gone during earth's history. As we enter them it gets colder and as we exit them it gets warmer. Imagine that!
David Seeholzer, Wahiawa, Hawaii
Anyone who still believes that global warming is just a hoax needs to do some serious researching, or better yet, take a walk outside. Are you from this planet or have you been in a hole for the past 15 years? I work with children; there are countless days in the summer when we are not allowed to take the children outside because the "air quality is poor and too hot". Being from New Jersey, USA, I remember my parents talking about the winters of the 50's and 60's from their childhood. It would start snowing in late November and green grass would not be seen until the "thaw" in the spring. Last year I went rollerblading in February on a freakish warm day in shorts and a T-shirt and I think we got about 4 good snowfalls, but that number could be less. Is the earth warming up? Yeah. I think so. Have some common sense.
Oh, and I agree with Silvia 100%. WAKE UP! Stop living in the world of fantasy!
Cynthia, Pennington, New Jersey
Economics is the key to solving global warming challenges. Anthropogenic GHG emissions should be reduced by using governments enormous existing revenue requirements to discourage, rather than encourage, GHG emissions and deforestation. Gradually shifting the majority of the tax burden away from labor and industry, and towards both the initial and ongoing cost of GHG-intensive practices (at the point of sale) will increase low-GHG practices as they become more cost-effective. Economies of scale will improve the viability of low-GHG technology. Companies and communities that take advantage of societys inevitable needs will enjoy a tremendous technological and marketing advantage. Congestion, pollution, infrastructure, trade deficits and real energy costs will decrease. And, most importantly, the cost and problems associated with global warming will perhaps be avoided.
Mike Oddo, Principal Chemical Engineer, WasteMinCo, Seattle, USA
Global warming is real and I am an American who believes that something should be done about it. To counter argue your point about the Europeans not having a real leader since Churchill, honestly, we haven't had a great president since JFK. What happened to honesty? What happened to a the idea of a government for the people, by the people. We have all these high on the hog polticians who are only politicians. When America was great the politicians were the best and brightest of our citizens but now we have these wishy washy generational senators, congressman, and presidents. We need a fresh start and more politicans who arent on the take from every special interest group out there. Its sad but I'm not nearly as proud to be an American as I ought to be. I love basball, football, rock and roll, the girls in the southern half of the us but I can not stand what is being done with my country. I should be able to love it so much more. There is nothing socialist about wanting clean air!
Shaun, Olathe, kansas,
Not all of us Americans are as ignorant as the guy from Orlando Florida. I am very dissapointed in our government here and in fact we haven't had a good leader in quite some time. Too much longer with this administration's single minded policies and we will all go to Hell in a handbasket!
Delores Forbes, Spring Lake, US / NC
I can`t believe there are still such inviromental-ignorant people. Who will care for economy when the only place we have to live in is fading away?! This comment is so typical of a US citizen, you are in your ¨untouchable perfect¨ bubble, WAKE UP.
Research, investigate, then you can submit an opinion don´t just repeat what your government tells you and wants you to believe! LOOK OUTSIDE THE US AND EUROPE.
Global warming is a reality, wether you want to see it or prefer to ingnore it even with all the hard evidence around us.
What kind of leader do you follow?
Silvia, San Jose, Costa Rica
Yes, you Europeans are such leaders. Please...hasn't been a real leader since Churchill. This global warming hysteria is just another excuse for the socialists to try to control how everyone lives, just as the predicted new ice age was in the 1970s. And you "European leaders" fall for it hook, line, and sinker. But I suspect your so-called "leaders" know it's a bunch of hog wash, but that all you sheeple in Europe will blindly follow. And as for Kyoto, it would devastate economies around the world and wouldn't make one bit of difference even if there was something to the global warming hysteria.
James Ryder, Orlando, Florida, USA
I'll say! It's certainly positive. I also agree with Laurence, it's power to the people! Spread the eco-warrior enthusiasm for the world!!!
Actually, I agree with you too David!
Mikael, Cardiff,
re your picture of the great and the good at G8. I cannot help thinking Angela does a great Eric Morecanbe impression.
Pete, Coventry, UK
How many ways can one say 'you people have lost touch'.The good news is that the focal length of a Politician is the next election.
Desmond Taylor, Houston, USA Texas
Lets hope this promise doesn't become partialy hollow like the one 2 years back. Most of the nations are behind in the aid they vowed to give, which is a great dissapointment. The electorate need to make their leaders more accountable on what they agree to when it comes to the great ethical issues of our age such as poverty and climate change. But thankfully Britain is leading the way since Gleneagles, and may we do that one again this time.
Laurence, Lincoln, UK
The Americans always want to be at the forefront of any initiative as being the "instigator". It goes against their ego to agree with us (Europeans) and be a follower.
Bush has been meeting with all the US Automotive CEO's over the last month, attempting to get commiments on emissions.
You watch they (USA) will come out with something that seems different, but is the Kyoto in another form.
David Lewis, Benfleet, Essex
Best news in months!
Pav, London,