Tony Halpin in Moscow
The man, the films, those blondes. Free DVD collection starting this Sunday
As Russia flexes its foreign policy muscles against the West and President Putin enjoys record approval ratings, the Kremlin is turning its attention to schools to instil a new sense of nationalism in children.
Two new manuals for teachers have been accused of glossing over the horrors of the Soviet Union and of including propaganda to promote Mr Putin’s vision of a strong state.
One, for social studies teachers, presents as fact Mr Putin’s view that the Soviet collapse was “the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century”. It describes the United States as bent on creating a global empire and determined to isolate Russia from its neighbours.
Many of those behind the second book, a history of Russia from 1945 to 2006, have close links to the Kremlin. Its final chapter is titled Sovereign Democracy, a term coined by a key Kremlin aide, Vladislav Surkov, as an ideological justification for Mr Putin’s authoritarian rule.
The chapter quotes Mr Surkov repeatedly and praises Mr Putin as the man responsible for “practically every significant deed” in Russia since 2000, when he became President.
Mr Putin’s most controversial actions are shown in an approving light, including the destruction of the Yukos oil company and the imprisonment of its chairman, Mikhail Khodorkovsky. The book describes this as an “unambiguous message” to business to “obey the law, pay your taxes and don’t try to put yourselves above the Government”, adding: “They got the message.”
Mr Putin’s support for Viktor Yanukovych in Ukraine’s rigged presidential election of 2004 is also defended. Mass protests in the Orange revolution eventually brought his pro-Western rival, Viktor Yushchenko, to power, but the manual states: “Yanukovych was the only candidate capable of truly resisting Yushchenko. So Russia’s choice was clear.”
The book describes Josef Stalin as “the most successful Soviet leader ever” and dismisses the prison labour camps and mass purges as a necessary part of his drive to make the country great. The manuals are intended to serve as the basis for developing new textbooks in schools next year, though Education Ministry officials insisted that they would not be compulsory.
Mr Putin gave them his seal of approval at a conference he hosted for teachers at his presidential dacha last month. He described Stalin’s Great Purge of 1937, in which 1.5 million people were imprisoned and 700,000 killed, as terrible “but in other countries even worse things happened”. Discounting the Soviet Union’s long history of oppression, he said: “We had no other black pages, such as Nazism, for instance.”
Leonid Polyakov, editor of the social studies manual, told Mr Putin that Russia was “disarmed ideologically” after the Soviet collapse, leaving other countries to judge whether it was a democracy. He said: “We are developing a national ideology that represents the vision of ourselves as a nation, as Russians, a vision of our own identity. Teachers will then be able to incorporate this national ideology, this vision, into their practical work in a normal way and use it to develop a civic and patriotic position.”
Pavel Danilin, who wrote the chapter on Sovereign Democracy, told The Times that it explained the “core transformation” of Russia under Mr Putin. “We understand that the only guarantee for our democracy is our sovereignty, our strong state, our strong army, our strong economy and our strong nation,” he said. “It is not an ideology. It is just common sense. And my intention was to explain that common sense to teachers.”
Mr Danilin, 30, is a projects manager at the Effective Policy Foundation, a think-tank with close links to the Kremlin. He was more blunt about his intentions on his web blog in response to criticism from teachers that much of the book was simply Kremlin propaganda. “You will teach children in line with the books you are given and in the way Russia needs,” he wrote, adding that schools had to “clear the filth and if it doesn’t work, then clear it by force”.
Alexander Filippov, who edited the history manual, is deputy head of another research institute linked to the Kremlin. He told The Times that the book was a response to the poor quality of existing textbooks and that “sovereign democracy is not proposed as the national ideology for schools”.
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The tranlation of the paragraph devoted to Stalin from the new textbook (it was quoted in "The commersant"):
"The person of Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin is one of the most controversial in the politics and the history of our country. It's hard to find any other figure in the history of Russia which brought about such controversial opinions during his rule as well as after his death. For ones he is the hero and the organizer of the victory in WWII, for others - the personification of the evil"
Im my opinion the quoted text is rather balanced and the authors try to avoid the extreme views giving readers the possibility to make their own opinion. Anyway it hardly deserves such extremely dark description which was given in "The Times". This article created an impression that it is "Times" which practices brainwashing and mind-manipulation rather than Russian textbooks-writers.
Artyom Astafiev, Moscow, The Russian Federation
Haha, Sergey Hudiev from Moscow was right, there are no such words about Stalin's greatness in the russian text. In reality it says: he was the organizer of victory in WW2 but also personification of evil.
Konstantin, Siegen, Germany
Sir,
Pity the Russians, not as slick as the rest of us.
Surely nearly every single nation in history has made an idol of the state, we the "good" and the "bad" OTHER, downplaying our crimes, whilst making a meal of theirs. Playing the record of romantic nationalism is common to most nations, loving ourselves & hating others, often leading to Fascism. It is our common heritage.
SC, London, United Kingdom
Haha, dont send a Russian to do a man's job. :) Damn, can't they learn anything from their democratic neighbors? I thought this crude "Soviet" type of propaganda have been long overridden by much subtler mechanism of mind control. Look across the Atlantic or the English Channel.
Pretentious Indifference , Ashkabad, Tennessee
I dont see why the author keep repeating that the organisation is closely linked to kremlin? where else should it be linked to? UK or US embassy!
P Dias, Nairobi, Kenya
Plus ca change...Stalin altered history books in the 1930s to make him appear closer to Lenin, and to discredit the Old Bolsheviks. Khrushchev redressed the balance, but as part of his de-stalinisation policies in the 1950s. Now Putin is attempting a similar massage of the historical facts. We should always fight for the truth...we in the West know how brutal Soviet Russia was, and if people there think that Stalin was the best leader communism produced, then they must be very forgiving. This is insidious political interference of the old school. Western democracy may not be perfect, and some of our past contains episodes that we might like to forget, but at least we admit them, and debate them, and they are in our history books. We did not have to murder tens of millions of our own citizens to get compliance from our population for a now- discredited system, nor do we attempt to adjust history, in the forlorn hope that glossing over the past will eliminate it.
Simon Bull, London, UK
Doesn't anyone here read Russian and can comment on Sergey Hudiev, Moscow, Russia, comment? This article may be just more Putin-bashing that the Western media appears to love to do. Can anyone possible imagine that the US has, what could be described as, an imperialistic foreign policy. Christ! Just look, if you dare, at US relations with Latin America. Why are so many Latins anti-American and turning left? And, didn't anyone read about the state of Florida and what is it doing to the history taught in high school classrooms? God love'ya, but open your eyes, please!
St Ann , San Angelo , TX
Well, there's national pride and then there's national pride.
Today Reuters has an interesting article about how British farmers and their methods are recovering some of the richest wheat-growing land in Europe, left derelict after 1990.
Unless President Putin can make Russians once more proud to farm their own land, he risks leaving the country unable to feed itself without outside help.
Ian Kemmish, Biggleswade, UK
**The book describes Josef Stalin as âthe most successful Soviet leader everâ and dismisses the prison labour camps and mass purges as a necessary part of his drive to make the country great. **
It seems to me, there are no such words in Russian text: http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=782509
Sergey Hudiev, Moscow, Russia
Putin and his accomplices seem to be either mentally misleaded - or simply liars, when ist comes to history. Just as Goebbels and his accomplices were. The world today knows better, the Russian people today know better, wikipedia knows better, and even politicians of European nations do know better.
Peter Wassermann, Hamburg, Germany
Every leader wanst to rewrite the history to make his ideolory, his "line" and himself something like "sacral". Ukrainian governers want the same, but they're dividing the country and "Easren" ideology is now fighting with the "Western". But in Russia paternalistic ang imperial traditions is much stronger. I'm not surprised, but I don't like that tendence VERY MUCH...
Daryna, Mykolayiv, Ukraine
Two predictions - Putin will stay for the third term (people will probably organize huge rallies through the web to demand a referendum to change the Constitution). And secondly - there will be a war with Russia before the Sochi Olympics, either with Europe, or the US, over oil and gas.
What is happening there now is akin to Germany after Hitler came to power - restoring order and national pride, scorning the West, which is in a moral crisis, brainwashing its people,
and most worrying - the idolization of Putin.
michael b, los alamos, usa
So it was very predictible for modern Russia to trasforn back into USSR and even into Russian Impire of Peter Primus and Katerina Secunda. Both had been built upon the Myth of Slavonic Unity, SuperCountry, and suprimasy of Russian People over Ukrainian, Polish or other else. The was no big, hardly any, difference in nationality policy of communists and monarchists.
Eugene, Kyiv, Ukraine
Itâs really nonsense what author said. But I guess author does not consider it to be nonsense when American NGO and Soros foundation come to Russia and, saying so, help Russians understand what the âreal historyâ of Russia is. They did not save money âhelpingâ us compose new textbooks for young Russians. Our own history was mired and distorted thanks to these new benefactors. We are just sick and tied of it.
Russian Ivan, Moscow, Russia
Stalin the most successful Soviet leader ever? Putinspeak. War is peace, Slavery is freedom,
totalitarianism is democracy.
Bruce L. Northwood, Washington, D.C., USA
1984 anyone?
And why is it that Russians are so fond of enslaving themselves?
Stanley, Moscow, Russia
History is filled with many atrocities, by many different nations.
A falsified history can give a people a false understanding of who they are. It's never right, regardless of who else has done
it. History is littered with nations and empires that have repeated the mistakes of their predecessors and met the same fate by making the same mistakes.
That it took a long time for the nations of the West to begin to come to terms with their past will by no means absolve Russia, if, through Putin's meddling Russia repeats the sins of the West in addittion to it's own.
Remember what George Orwell warned, " He who controls the past controls the future, and he who controls the present controls the past".
Ray, Toronto, Canada
It's interesting that in countries such as Russia, the word "we" is used so ubiquitously, as is the term "Government." The best democracies, such as ours, begin with the individual - individual rights, individual responsibilities, the individual as s/he relates to government, expression, and God. Personally, I rarely kneel down to pray and begin by saying how sorry "we" are for "our" sins or "our" faults". True accountability begins with the word " I ".
How sad that the Russian account of history mentioned in this article glosses over the millions killed and imprisoned, referring only to their deaths in terms of the usefulness to the development of the State/Nation.
KEVIN, Laguna Niguel, United States
Cue up the music, i believe The Who's "Won't Get Fooled Again" should suffice.
I remember 20 years ago a book that I read about World War II and how it was taught to Soviet students. It certainly was not rooted in reality. Just like these new books are now...
RBB, Washington, DC
The whole thing of rewriting history is very questionable, but a lot of things depend on how history was shaped to fit the doctrine in the past.
A small remark about Stalin, he really was an obssessed paranoid suspecting everyone of trying to topple him over, but the media are silent about the real causes of his persecutions (i.e. what he was fighting against). The media also enjoys portraying Stalin while keeping silent about the gang of butchers who had preceeded him (Trotsky and co.). They never mention that 30(!!!) million Russian people were killed during the 'non-appropriate-to-speak-about' Bolshevik purge, for the simple reason of purging. They never mention the financing channels for Trotsky and co. They also never mention the fact that Britain and US applauded to the new Bolshevik state, whose leaders at that time were busy killing millions.
Alex, Moscow, Russia
Oh. It seems that Russia has become a democracy just like the Western countries. Therefore Russia is imitating them in every single detail in their policy, with one exception. Western billionaires become billionaires in stay where they are. In Russia they have to leave to the West : and guess what with their billions otherwise they are persona non grata. Bad Putin he prevents Russian billionaires from stealing the nation's money.
Adam, Toronto,
The Soveit Union, although dominated by Russia, isn't the same as Russia. I suppose you could say that the USSR was another name for the new Russian Empire that lasted from 1917-1991. Stalin wasn't even Russian, so they are saying that the greatest Russian leader ever was a Georgian. It seems more like they are rewriting Soviet history than Russian history.
John, Murmansk,
USA moto - "WHAT CAN BE CONTROLLED CAN BE CONSUMED"; (CONSUMPTION IN HIDDEN FORM, WILL TO POWER IS ALSO CONSUMPTION)
P.S. WHAT CAN NOT BE CONTROLLED CAN HAVE THEIR IDEOLOGY WHICH IS TRUEST IN WORLD
i doubt
moreover real believe that can move mountains is not for lazy ideology like is imposed by west, may be there must be some self-discipline? like e.g. in Islam or other values? Don't you feel what i am talking about. Why do exist such "terrorists", they just don't want to live with imposed west values, they try to serve not for things but for soul, there is at least one thing - believe
life is a thing from which you won't get alive
Denis, 23, Moscow, Russia
and what? why not to write the history book?
i thought
"The Evil Empire" is something else but not Russia...
petye, helsinki,
Mr Putin is an unrepentant communist. We shouldn't forget that as a KGB officer in East Germany, he may have known of the unspeakable crimes committed there by the Moscow-backed Honecker regime. Therefore, if there was a trial of Communist criminals along the lines of Nuremberg, he would have surely got a life sentence in the very least. Now, using classical Communist guile, he is changing the history textbooks. Stalin had remarked -"History is written by the winning side". How dare he dilute the crimes of Communism! All the murders committed by Hitler, Mussolini and Tojo don't add up to the number of people murdered by the Soviet Union over its 74-year history.
joy july, delhi , india
This, by the way, is why children are never taught contemporary history. Their history books deal with periods of which the thinking has passed out of fashion, and the circumstances no longer apply to active life. For example, they are taught history about Washington, and told lies about Lenin. In Washington's time they were told lies (the same lies) about Washington, and taught history about Cromwell. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries they were told lies about Joan, and by this time might very well be told the truth about her. bernard show
Chen, beijing, china
Its amusing to see what hypocrites "educated and civilised" Western people can be. Show me British history text books that reflect truly the devastation the British empire caused in India. Millions died of starvation and thousands slaughtered by the East India Company. What about American genocide of native Indians? How much fair coverage in books, movies or other forms of media does that get?
D, Mumbai,
Sour grapes. Since the West cannot subjugate Russia the way they want the only hing left for you is to print this nonsense
MihailoLazic, Belgrade, Serbia
I guess it was too much to believe "The Evil Empire" would
do a turnaround.. Russia is drifting right back to where
it started. Surprise superise.
Jerry Scroggin, Phoenix, Arizona/USA
I almost wrote that these textbooks appear to be guilty of the old Soviet crime of "Revisionism", but that might have been unfair.
Each nation teaches its own "history" as those in power direct, quite often emphasizing what is favourable and ignoring what is not.
Democratic nations do this too, though usually less than despotic ones like Russia.
The controlling "KGB" leadership is merely rewriting Russia's history to restore national pride and help it control the future course of the nation.
Truth may inde suffered but that's not really important to those in charge, as most Russians henceforth will accept the new written word as the "new truth".
It was most famously done in the 1930's in Germany and in Russia.
One day perhaps, in the far future, when overweening national pride has itself become history, school text books about what has happened in the past may teach less overt propaganda and more facts.
But don't bet on it !
Patrick Hogan, Tallinn, Estonia
I guess it was too much to believe "The Evil Empire" would
do a turnaround.. Russia is drifting right back to where
it started. Surprise superise.
Jerry Scrogginj, Phoenix, Arizona/USA
Does Mr. Putin intend to limit comments regarding democide during the Soviet era to a mere 1.5 million? The real figure is approximately 65 million, almost all during Stalin's murderous realm. If this altered history is allowed to stand, it will come to represent an unforgivable distortion of truth
Walter, San Rafael, CA