Tony Halpin, in Moscow, and David Byers
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Russia staked an audacious claim to the vast mineral riches of the Arctic Ocean today when explorers planted their country's flag on the seabed below the North Pole.
In what Russian researchers had hailed as a symbolic mission to enlarge the country's territory "by more than one million square kilometres," two mini-submarines carried a total of six explorers to the ocean floor after a dive of 4,261 metres (13,980 feet) through a hole cut in the North Pole's icy surface.
After reaching their destination, the crew of one submarine left a one-metre Russian flag made of titanium and a capsule on the seabed.
The crew is the first to reach the seabed under the North Pole, and aims to strengthen Russia's claim to a swathe of ocean the size of western Europe that could contain billions of tons of oil and gas reserves.
The expedition plans to demonstrate that the Lomonosov Ridge, an underwater shelf that runs through the Arctic, is really an extension of Russian territory. The North Pole is believed to hold vast reserves of untapped oil and natural gas.
The Kremlin gave strong backing to the quest, which received huge coverage on state television. Vladimir Putin has also given Artur Chilingarov, who is leading the expedition and is Deputy Speaker of the Russian Parliament, the title of presidential envoy to the Arctic.
"Our mission is to remind the whole world that Russia is a great polar and research power," Mr Chilingarov said, as the submarines launched their expedition, which lasted almost nine hours.
Russia's Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute added: "Apart from the purely scientific goal of a comprehensive study of the climate and seabed at the North Pole, this expedition may help Russia to enlarge its territory by more than one million square kilometres."
However the mission of the two submarines, Mir-1 and Mir-2, was immediately mocked by Canada today, which described them as nothing more than a show.
"This isn’t the 15th century. You can’t go around the world and just plant flags and say 'We’re claiming this territory,'" Peter MacKay, Canada's Foreign Minister, told the country's CTV station.
Under international law, the five states with territory inside the Arctic Circle - Canada, Norway, Russia, the United States and Denmark via its control of Greenland - have a 200-mile economic zone around the north of their coastline.
Denmark and Canada have argued that the Lomonosov Ridge is connected to their territories and despatched a joint expedition last year to bolster their claims. Norway is also conducting a survey.
Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper ordered a new fleet of patrol vessels last month, saying they were needed to defend "our sovereignty over the Arctic". US politician have demanded action to defend its Arctic interests. Senator Richard Lugar warned in May that there would be no American presence at the negotiating table to challenge Moscow's claims unless the US ratified the Law of the Sea treaty.
Russia's Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said today that the success of the Arctic expedition would "supply additional scientific evidence for our aspirations", but that the issue would be resolved "in strict compliance with international law".
Mr Lavrov went on: "The expedition aims to prove that our shelf extends to the North Pole rather than at staking out Russia's claims."
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If the U.S. can claim the Moon, why Russia can't claim the Arctic right? And one correction: How U.S. can claim outer space, when Russians are they who first fly into outer space. Funny, ha.
Vasily Galevski, Skopje, Macedonia
uhmmm, Aby -- the Russians sold Alaska to America and the Yanks never colonized Africa . . . key point of note, this was done 100s of years ago -- before we all became a great, big village connected at lightspeed via computer, telephones and television. If you say it is fine, even if there is a treaty, then who is to say Russia won't find an underground tunnel to Switzerland and then plant their flag there to claim the fast amounts of gold found in banks?
don, Detroit, USA
look. if there's gas and oil under there then we should save it until the world has great need for it instead of fighting over it. i know the us staked a claim on the moon and that's even worse than this russia dilemma, i mean no 1 lives there! but come on talk about messed up. it's like we travelin back in time to where u cud just say this is our land. this whole thing screwed up
joe, Gainesville, US
USA already claimed the moon, don't you know that Bush singed a document making Space an US territory. So whats the problem with Russia claiming Arctic ocean.
Pocur, Moscow,
Ed, im pretty certain there is a treaty for the antarctic (the common heritage of mankind), but not the arctic. all 5 countries have to come to an equitable solution to divide up the continental shelf under the arctic. its all in the Law of the Sea conventions. russia can claim what they like, but the other countries will never aquiesce, so the claim will end up in the courts or a tribunal eventually. silly russia.
jonathan, sheffield,
Since nationalism in Russia is on the rise, it was a good PR action, a well-organised show before the upcoming parliament and presidential elections. Now, V. Putin and his team can easily get their candidates elected. In fact, no one is going recognise Russia's sovereignty over the North Pole. Planting a Russian flag on the seabed is not enough to claim Russia's rights there. Frankly speaking, Russia is not in a position to grab this land. Its navy, including the surface force, is on decline, its infrastructure in the North is in tatters. The West will do everything to stop any of Russia's attempts to grab the North Pole. This cock won't fight, Mr. Putin!
Eli, Taipei,
Aby, just looked it up . . . Russia sold Alaska to the US in 1867 for $7.2 million dollars. They tried to sell it to the US about a few years before, but the US was getting into its Civil War. Russia sold it to the US to cut back on its number one rival on the Pacific Ocean, the British Navy.
don, detroit, USA
When I look back at history and see how other colonial countries have become wealthy at the cost of alien riches, I wonder why not Russia now? US has been doing it for decades in the Americas, Pacific Islands, Africa and most notable Alaska. UK did it with Singapore, Hong Kong, Egypt, Iran, Iraq and India, exploiting these countries to the hilt till those country have been sucked dry (at the height of British Empire). Today Russia is doing the same, a different target. At least we should give them credit that they did not invade human territory and enslaved someone. Whatever the Anglo-US analysts might say, no one is going to do anything about this new land grabbing by Russia.
Aby, Samedan, Switzerland
They've played a show. Our govenment can play any games in Russia, but in world this group of thieves can not do anything.
Dr.Nostradamus, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Well this is just ridiculous. I'm now convinced that Putin has gone bonkers.
marguerite , Los Angeles,
Todsay the arctic, tomorrow the world!!!!
Bruce L. Northwood, Washington, D.C., USA
Anyone with half an interest in geology should try mapmachine.nationalgeographic.com
You can't get from the North Pole to Moscow without crossing a pretty obvious mid-ocean ridge! The plate tectonics are surely messed up around the north pole, but it seems clear that although the north pole _might_ be on the same plate as eastern Siberia and Alaska, it's _not_ on the same plate as western Siberia.
Give it to the Inuit, and then we can all agree to pay them to leave the oil underground, where it belongs.
Ian Kemmish, Biggleswade, UK
Were is your congratulations, gentlemen?
Vladimir, S.Petersnurg, Russia
The north pole region belongs to all nations - It should be the exclusive refuge of all species as the bread basket of the sea. It is wrong for any country to exploit its resources. I thought there was a treaty signed by most nations years ago. What happened?
Ed, Nice, California, USA
Well Done Russian, Artctic is yours !!
with a new moto in place "In Gas we Trust!
Tom, London,
Ah, good old colonial times when all one had to do was hop off a leaky boat, plant a piece of cloth, and claim for your country whatever you think you stepped on. Next Russia will want the patent on a round planet, followed by claims on fire and the wheel.
Where has rational thought gone? On the other hand ,the other bright light in international dealings, China, builds a ship repair station on some submerged rocks thousands of miles from their mainland and claims the ocean and everything in it for themselves. And uses the boat station to berth warships to back up their claim.
I guess we ought to post a proclamation saying that we consider Russia just as rapacious a colonial power as the rest and forgive them in advance for giving up their claims to their colonies.
As for me, I am claiming Ile Saint Louis, Paris.
Tom Mariner, Bayport, NY, USA
No one has done it before, nobody stopped them to do that but why they are worrying so much today?
max, Moscow, Russia
Given this precedent, the USA hereby is entitled to claim the moon.
cvt, Windermere, Cumbria