Roger Boyes in Berlin
Star musicians and your favourite Times writers at the Albert Hall

Adolf Hitler, the most notorious champion of Richard Wagner and “racially pure” German music, banished Jewish and Russian musicians from the concert halls of the Third Reich — but apparently listened secretly to their work.
New light has been shed on the Nazi leader’s musical tastes by the discovery of what are said to be a hundred of his gramophone records found in the attic of a former Soviet intelligence officer, Lev Besymenski.
“There were classical recordings, performed by the best orchestras of Europe and Germany with the best soloists of the age,” Mr Besymenski said in a document explaining how the records came into his possession.
The 86-year-old, who helped to interrogate captured Nazi generals, died this summer. The document and the record collection have now been made available to Der Spiegel magazine.
“I was astonished that Russian musicians were among the collection,” Mr Besymenski wrote. Hitler dismissed Russians as ‘Untermenschen’, sub-humans, and was contemptuous of their contribution to world culture. Yet the records included works by Tchaikovsky, Borodin and Rachmaninov — scratched from frequent playing and all clearly labelled ‘Föhrerhauptquartier’, the Föhrer’s headquarters.”
The Soviet intelligence officer had found them in Hitler’s Chancellery in Berlin in May 1945, still packed in crates. Hitler’s staff were counting on an evacuation to the Nazi leader’s Alpine hideaway on the Obersalzberg and it was known that he could only relax with his music.
Mr Besymenski, then a captain in military intelligence, kept quiet about the records during his lifetime for fear that he would be accused of looting.
The most astonishing fact about the records — essentially Hitler’s “Best of . . .” collections — is the presence of Jewish performers. Among the recordings is a Tchaikovsky concerto performed by the virtuoso Polish Jewish violinist Bronislaw Huberman. Hitler would have been aware, while listening to Huberman’s playing, that he had founded the Palestine Orchestra in 1936 (which went on to be the foundation of today’s Israel Philharmonic Orchestra) and that he was living in enforced exile. The Austrian Jewish pianist Artur Schnabel, whose mother was killed by the Nazis, also had his work included in Hitler’s personal collection. It is not known which records in the collection were listened to most frequently, nor have they been formally catalogued.
“I’m not terribly surprised by Hitler’s record choices,” said James Kennaway, of Stanford University. “Nazi music policy was pretty incoherent. Stravinsky was played in the Third Reich because he was known to have right-wing views, Bartok because Hungary was a German ally.” Dr Kennaway, a leading musicologist who specialises in the Nazi period, added: “The only real point of consistency in Nazi policy was antiSemitism, so the Schnabel and Huberman recordings do stand out.”
Hitler had spelt out his view of Jewish culture in Mein Kampf. “There was never a Jewish art and there is none today,” he wrote, adding that the “two queens of the arts, architecture and music, gained nothing original from the Jews”.
Roger Moorhouse, a historian and the author of Killing Hitler, said that the record collection, if authentic, suggested a contradiction between the Föhrer’s aesthetic and political values. He said: “It is interesting that being Russian or Jewish did not disqualify a musician from a place in Hitler’s record collection. There was probably a separation in his world view between the political and the artistic.”
Although Hitler took piano lessons as a child, he displayed no personal musical talent. His surgeon, Hanskarl von Hasselbach, noted that “Hitler always whistled out of tune”.
His former radio operator, Rochus Misch, the last survivor of Hitler’s bunker, recently recalled how he had summoned his manservant to put on a record after a row with army commanders. “He just sat there, completely sunk in the music. The Föhrer needed distraction.”
Fuhrer’s favourites
Five discs that Hitler wanted to take with him
1 Piano sonatas, Opus 78 and 90, Beethoven
2 Wagner’s overture to The Flying Dutchman by the Bayreuth Orchestra,
conducted by Heinz Tietjen
3 Russian arias, including the death in Boris Godunov, by Mussorgsky,
sung by the Russian bass Fyodor Shalyapin
4 Tchaikovsky’s Violin Concerto, with the Berlin State Opera Orchestra,
soloist Bronislaw Huberman
5 Mozart Piano Sonata No 8 in A minor with Artur Schnabel
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so he had good taste in music so what
hank hill, buffalo, usa/ny
Wow, people are surprised that ol' Adolph had some contradictions goin' on! This is the same guy who was adament that blue eyes and blonde hair were the only way to go. Um, we've all seen what he looked like, right?
Oy!
Melinda Gidaly Mayor, Paris, France
Iâve collected and studied WW2 War Souvenirs for over 40 years now and personally , Iâll wait until the records (and story) have been researched and confirmed before I believe that this record âcacheâ belonged to Hitler . They should speak with Rochus Misch to see if he remembers these Crates of records .
Between his Apartment in Munich , his home in Berchtesgaden and Berlin â¦Iâm sure Adolf had enough money to maintain a Record Collection at each home , not just one collection that he carried with him everywhere. As far as the Bunker â¦the NKVD (predecessor to the KGB) took control while the Street fighting was still going on ..tight security. Stalin had orders that ANYTHING that belonged to Hitler would be brought back to Moscow . I find it hard to believe that anyone could smuggle anything larger than a medal past the NKVD Guards â¦crates of heavy records, and then getting them back to Russia unnoticed ?
Quite a trick !
MP, NY, USA
I think that Hitler is a very bad person. I don't care which music he listened to or what his favorite brand of soup was.
Ferd Burfel, barcelona, Spain
I thought "Fuehrer" was one of the few German words practically every Englishman knew how to spell, but no...
Henrik Nielsen, Copenhagen, Denmark
I can say without a doubt that I am absolutely tired of hearing about Hitler. No one is trotted out into the convenient selective memory than Adolf Shick-. The point of this article is not musical at all. Now we're supposed to psychologize about a dictator 62 years gone and his musical tastes? Don't we have more immediate concerns? What's next, a discussion on how he ruined that mustache style forever?
Rich Hill, Prospect Park, PA / USA
Hitler sat listening to his records while millions died. Ian Brady and Myra Hindley listened to "The Little Drummer Boy" while they brutally tortured and murdered a little girl. That is why it has never been played on the wireless since. The Police, Press and others heard the tape they made. The SS liked to listen to classical music by the gas chambers. It is strange how all the early film of Adolf Hitler holding a whip, until he was advised to dispense with it, as it might give the wrong impression, has been airbrushed out of all the war series on televison . Hindley loved her dog. So did Hitler, but note how Blondie cringes in fear as the great dog-lover bends to pat his pet. Yet another programme on TV, where lip-readers interpret the banalities of Heydrich, Himmler and Hitler, appears to be attempting to show that these monsters were just ordinary folk who loved nature, their pet dogs and music. If music be the food of death, play on....
Peter Kinsley
London
peter kinsley (www.peterkinsley.com), london, en gland
While I prefer the "oldies" once in awhile I do enjoy a rap tune. I imagine Hitler was no different.
Murph, Madisonville, USA/KY
The right spelling is "Führer" (=leader).
Yours sinecerely
Gerhard Schmidt, Hambiurg, Germany
Hitler's interest in the classics is hardly newsworthy. Had he been a closeted fetish of pop music then that would have been interesting. As someone once said, dog bites man ain't news, but man bites dog is!
Maxadolf, Epsom, UK
Are you sure, that the discs are labelled Föhrerhqs instead of Führerhqs, which would make more sense, actu***y.
In Germany Föhrer is used to imitate Hitler's ridiculous accent.
Ansgar Hüls, Trier, Germany
Lately many fake and pure fantasy Nazi ârelicsâ have been showing up out of Russia and itâs become quite an industry. Many are actually digging up Soldiers Graves searching for Nazi Items.Thereâs a lot of Money involved in WW2 relics so â¦Iâm sure weâll be hearing of many more unbelievable Russian âfindsâ in the future.
MP, NY, USA
One thing left unmentioned here is the revelation that Hitler had excellent taste in music.
One can scarcely avoid Jewish musicians in a serious collection from the early half of the 20th Century. Like the old joke headline "Man Bites Dog," this story of Hitler's listening to precisely two Jewish musicians (Huberman and Schnabel) in a rather large collection indicates nothing, except perhaps that Hitler especially valued the works played.
Also interesting how very, very interested the Times and presumably its readers are in "Der Fuhrer." Has it occurred to anyone else that if Hitler were magically to come back from the dead, all Europe and everyone north and south of the Thames (save a few Labor cranks and the Jewish Union) would worship him as the biggest celebrity ever? Even bigger than Beckham, perhaps.
Jonathan L. Seagull, Johnson City, USA/TN
Surely hitler would have at least one Bruckner piece in his top 5.
Kevin foy, Dublin, Ireland
The German word for leader is Führer and not Föhrer as written many times in Roger Boyes' article.
Barry McGarty, Thun, Switzerland
Hi
Who says the documentary about reading Hitler's lips was a spoof? Channel 5 showed it twice. Even they aren't that daft.
k Carton, birmingham, uk
Hitler's favourite composer was actually Anton Bruckner.
As befits an Austrian.
L.Stewart, Cranbrook, Kent
Note that is's Führer - not Föhrer. The later term discribes inhabitants of the Island Föhr.
Nit Pick, København, Denmark
On the basis of what information a list of "Fuhrerâs favourites Five discs that Hitler wanted to take with him" is compiled?
k, Stanford , usa
To gain a good perspective on Hitler's artistic outlook, see "Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics" by British author Frederick Spotts. To my knowledge this is the only trustworthy account of Hitler from an artistic point of view, a subject that is rarely discussed. The book analyzes Hitler's taste in music and also the "leniency" he afforded Jews who were artistic. It's all quite surprising.
Robert Griffin, Thomasville, GA
Surely people didn't think he sat around listening to the Horst Wessel Marching song in his spare time.
...well maybe.
jame dibiasio, hong kong,
Heinz Tietjen was a director, e.g. in Bayreuth and Berlin, but not the conducter of the Flying Dutchman overture. And,I'm sorry, its not "The Föhrer", its "The Führer".
john, berlin,
Beautiful irony! How often we learn that those who would restrict the freedom of others are hypocrites in their private life. Hitler obviously had a great capacity for duplicity in all things, including what music to listen to.
Stephen, Montreal, Canada
Quite an interesting story.
It shows that, contrary to what a lot of people in the world and especially in Europe and Euro-America seem to think about the Nazis and Adolf Hitler, they were more just evil and vicious (Which of course they were also), namely the also people living the paradoex of every humans life.
By the way: The word "Föhrer" does not exist in german - apart from jokes about Hitlers pronunciation of his own title, which of course was "Führer", with "ü" / "ue".
Jan-Matthis Weng, Luetjenburg,
Oh yeah. The likelihood of this being true is very small, and anyway it could never be properly proved. On the other hand, there will be plenty of people who knew Hitlerâs taste in music and this at least should have been recorded. The problem is believing what is true from the numerous lies put out by British propaganda.
Henry Percy, London, UK
So Hitler was a liar too. Who would have guessed?
tomasz, Sydney, Australia
The hole story I think it's quite normal, since every body knows what Adolf Hitler was: a Mad Man. I mean readers and the hole worlds needs no more facts to accept this. What he has done is enough. But even great German composers sufferd in a certain way from this enormeous adoration. We know that the music of Wagner for instance was not performed in many communist countrys.
Dorian, Tirana, Albania
"Wenn das der Föhrer wüsste!" The "Gröfaz" was always
out of tune with music (and politics), but it is still very
"schröcklich" to see this apparent inability to master German.
Stephen Back, Monte Carlo, Monaco
Hitler never considered the Russians 'subhuman' as a whole. This vicious language was used as propaganda to motivate German soldiers to be more hateful and aggressive towards the Communist giant. Hitler's view was that the Russians were basically Aryans, but racially 'contaminated' by Mongol invasions. Russian intellectuals like Tchaikovsky were considered by Hitler to be part of the 'pure Aryan' racial aristocracy in Russia. Hitler even recognised talent in Jews, and had strongly praised Mahler's conducting of Wagner operas when he lived in Vienna.
Mark La Vardera, Reading, Berkshire
The "Föhrer" eh. I wonder who he was.
Dave, Washington D.C., USA
I'm surprised by the Beethoven choices: op. 78 is an unusually subdued, lyrical piece with a jocular finale; whilst op. 90 is all Sturm und Drang with a long Schubertian final movement. I would have guessed "Appasionata" and "Symphony no. 5."
Paul Kelley, Columbia, SC, USA
It's typical of dictators like Herr Schicklgruber aka Hitler, that they kind of deny to others what they furtively enjoy and derive benefit from. The music world is indebted to those great Jewish virtuoso musicians who were bearers of the classical musical tradition and it would be all the poorer without names like Rubinstein, Scnabel, Horszowski, Gilels, Milstein, Haskill, Oistrakh, Hess, Heifetz, Kreisler, Cherkassky, Horowitz, Serkin, Starker, Tureck, Mahler, Schoenberg, Horenstein, Solti,
Menuhin,Bernstein, Koussevitzky, Reiner, Klemperer, Walter, Ormandy, Szell, Dorati, de Sabata, Tintner.....to name but a few. Even Hitler's favourite, Wagner, the anti-semite was thought to have Jewish blood. In the book 'Mendelssohn is on the Roof', a Nazi officer in occupied Prague was instructed to remove only the statue of Mendelssohn from the concert hall and not the others. He ordered his workers to pull down the one with the biggest nose. They duly removed the statue of Richard Wagner!
SD Goh, PJ, Malaysia
Hardly suprising:
1. The Nazis - with Hitler's full knowledge - assisted with the departure to Palestine of between 10-20,000 German Jews - whose money in German was converted into goods which were sent to Palestine. Approximately $20 million (in 1930's value) was moved from Germany to Israel which assisted in the construction of some factories etc. This departure of the Jews was in large measure stopped by the British who stopped all immigration to Palestine in 1938 - nevertheless apparently continued up until 1940. Therefore Hitler would have been perfectly aware that Huberman had created the orchestra. It is well known that most Jews did not want to leave either Germany or Poland for the wilds of Palestine where they would be lodged in tents. They refused the offers of the Nazis to resettle elsewhere. They paid the price as is well known.
George, Paris,
"Föhrer"? Goodness, this is living proof of the horrible state of foreign languages in the UK...
mel, London, UK
Well, it's less than a year since that spoof documentary (treated as genuine by at least Channel 5) about Hitler's home movies and the "lip-reading computer". Producing surprising "revelations" about Hitler is evidently still such a profitable industry that we should apply a healthy suspicion to any of them that don't fit what we already know....
Ian Kemmish, Biggleswade, UK
This is once again the portrait of an individual mainly,
absolutely selfish because he was in any way respectless
of anyone else. Jews' and Russians' life and dignity? No matter, their music was however something he could enjoy.
Let's be aware, this kind of events and people might be not
yet over.
Antonio Sinigaglia, Padova, Italy