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Four hundred years after it put Galileo on trial for heresy the Vatican is to complete its rehabilitation of the great scientist by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls.
The planned statue is to stand in the Vatican gardens near the apartment in which Galileo was incarcerated while awaiting trial in 1633 for advocating heliocentrism, the Copernican doctrine that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
Nicola Cabibbo, head of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and a nuclear physicist, said: “The Church wants to close the Galileo affair and reach a definitive understanding not only of his great legacy but also of the relationship between science and faith.”
Professor Cabibbo said that the statue - paid for by private donations - was appropriate because Galileo had been one of the founders of the Lincei Academy, a forerunner of the papal body, in 1603. He had not been tortured or burned at the stake, as many believed, though he was forced to recant by the Inquisition.
The move coincides with a series of celebrations in Rome, Pisa, Florence and Padua in the run-up to next year's 400th anniversary of Galileo's development of the telescope. Events include a Vatican conference on Galileo to be attended by 40 international scientists and a re-examination of his trial at an institute in Florence run by the Jesuits, who were among Galileo's fiercest opponents in the Inquisition.
The celebrations begin today with the opening of an exhibition on Galileo's telescope entitled “The Instrument Which Changed the World” at the Museum of the History of Science in Florence. The museum, which is undergoing an 8 million (£6 million) renovation, contains many of Galileo's own scientific instruments.
Paolo Galluzzi, head of the Florence museum, said that “even if Galileo had been wrong, you cannot judge scientific errors in an ecclesisatical court”. Giorgio Ierano, a cultural historian, said: “The wrong done to Galileo is being put right on the territory of his historic enemies. Wherever Galileo is in the afterlife, he must be enjoying this moment.”
In January Pope Benedict XVI called off a visit to Sapienza University, Rome, after staff and students accused him of defending the Inquisition's condemnation of Galileo. They cited a speech he made at La Sapienza in 1990, while still a cardinal, in which he quoted a description of the trial of Galileo as fair. The Vatican said that the Pope had been misquoted.
The Vatican's repentance over its treatment of Galileo began in 1979, when John Paul II invited the Church to rethink the trial of Galileo.
Faith in science
— Born in Pisa in 1564, Galileo Galilei built his first telescope in 1609 after a Dutch optician invented a device that made distant objects seem near at hand (at first called the spyglass)
— Galileo used his telescopes to observe the Moon, which he found to be “uneven, rough, full of cavities and prominences”, and then in 1610 Jupiter and its satellites
— His subsequent Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, in which he asserted categorically that the Earth revolved round the Sun, was held to be offensive to Pope Urban VIII and he was ordered to stand trial for heresy in 1633
— His views were found to be “absurd, philosophically false, and formally heretical because expressly contrary to Holy Scriptures”
— He recanted to save his life, and lived under house arrest until his death in 1642
Galileo's abjuration
“Wishing to remove from the minds of your Eminences and all faithful Christians this vehement suspicion reasonably conceived against me, I abjure with sincere heart and unfeigned faith, I curse and detest the said errors and heresies, and generally all and every error and sect contrary to the Holy Catholic Church. And I swear that for the future I will neither say nor assert in speaking or writing such things as may bring upon me similar suspicion; and if I know any heretic, or one suspected of heresy, I will denounce him to this Holy Office, or to the Inquisitor and Ordinary of the place in which I may be."
— Source: Solange Strong Hertz: Beyond Politics: A Meta-Political View of History.
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I have researched this Galileo fellow found guilty of 'suspicion of heresy'. Nowhere can I find a pardon. In other words they intend erecting a statue to a 'suspected heretic' in the Vatican next year. I thought they only put up saints in Rome. did something else happen at Vatican II that made yet ?
redmond o'hanlon, churchtown Dublin, Eire
Udo of Melbourne asked "Does this mean the world is now officially round?".
Unlike heliocentricity (a stumbling block for the Church), the round earth was already well and long accepted (except perhaps in popular thought) by Galileo's time. For instance, the cosmology of Dante's Divine Comedy is centred (literally) on a round earth Indeed, it is not clear what "earth-centred" would mean with a flat earth. Finally, as regards Udo's phrase "now officially", this latest Vatican move involves no shift in its scientific position: the Church had already ceased to oppose Galileo's science a while back.
Peter Burton, London,
Does this mean the world is now officially round?
Udo, Melbourne, Australia
As Spike Milligan once said ' There are two things i can't stand intolerance and Catholics'
Iain Rae, Tunbridge Wells, U.K.
John K, Redmond was puzzled by Galieo "not having been tortured, but forced to recant by Inquisition". John, i think in some cases the accused was merely "shown the instruments", which could suffice to bring about recanting. peter
Peter Burton, London,
A little late, what? What's the point...to make the Vatican feel good?
Garth Rex, Glendale Heights, USA
While this is one of the better known cases of organized religion being completely backward in the face of scientific reality, it's by far not the only case and sadly, it's still going on today.
I particularly like how they refer to him not havening been tortured, but that he was forced to recant by Inquisition.
Umm... the Inquisition was, by nature, torture. They didn't just ground Galileo from his books until he recanted.
John K, Redmond, WA
Relationship between science and faith:
Faith bans science's books and puts science under house arrest. 375 years later, science is widely respected and faith attempts to say sorry. Science tells faith where to stick it.
_Felix, Nottingham,
Anglicans are among the many today who laud Tyndale as the "father of the English Bible." But it was their own founder, King Henry VIII, who in 1531 declared that "the translation of the Scripture corrupted by William Tyndale should be utterly expelled, rejected, and put away out of the hands of the people." So troublesome did Tyndaleâs Bible prove to be that in 1543âafter his break with RomeâHenry again decreed that "all manner of books of the Old and New Testament in English, being of the crafty, false, and untrue translation of Tyndale . . . shall be clearly and utterly abolished, extinguished, and forbidden to be kept or used in this realm." Those aren't the words of a Catholic, but the founder of the Anglican Church.
And this says nothing about papal infallibility which is defined only in the areas of faith and morals, nothing about helicentricity. Know what the church teaches, not what you want the church to teach.
Nathan, Bismarck,
Just shows, along with other things, how fallible Popes are
margie, victoria, australia
If only they had burnt him at the stake - then they could cannonise him as a matyr
pheelion, Brisbane, Australia
Finally, a statue of Galileo to be erected in the Vatican.
AND ABOUT TIME , TOO !
As a frequent visitor to Florence I shall, once again, in April, be paying homage to fearless Galileo at his tomb in the Santa Croce Church - Galileo's tomb is on the opposite wall of the church to that of the tomb of the equally strong minded 'revolutionary ' Michelangelo.
I am one of those damned Calvinists who praise Galileo for being one of the greatest thinkers in the history of this sorry planet. What a scientist. What a guy !
And, what of Florence's stern and notorious priest Savonarola ? Is he to get some sort of Vatican apology in spite of his sponsoring those naughty Bonfire of Vanities ? Ironic that he should have been burned at the stake in Florence on the same site as his own bonfires.
Dr. Jimmy, Nottingham, England
Andrew, you must have some seriously impressive inside knowledge about the historicity of the Gospels and the writings of Paul, Peter, Titus, Jude, John, James, Timothy and Luke that no other serious New Testament critic has.
In fact the NT is one of the best corroborated ancient texts available with support for it from Jewish and secular sources as well as a growing source of archaeology. The crucifixion and resurrection are particularly well attested as D. H. van Daalen has pointed out, "It is extremely difficult to object to the empty tomb on historical grounds; those who deny it do so on the basis of theological or philosophical assumptions."
As Andrew demonstrates, someone with a particular perspective, even if wrong, can cause a lot of confusion through poor scholarship, which the Catholic Church wanted to prevent.
Sadly though they also closed their minds to GOOD scholarship and reasonable faith thus turning protection into persecution.
Nathan, Inverness, UK
"The Catholic church was the architect of the dark ages and did everything in its power to resist renaissance."???
Please, Revilo, read the historical documents in full and try to think what the middle age would have been without the Church. Abbeys and monasteries consented to transmit culture to the future generations saving Greek and Latin documents from barbarian destructions!
olga, london,
You never know, the American Taliban and the other 'Creationists' may well be apologising for its treatment of the Rev. Charles Darwin and Evolution. But not for a further 400 years.
BP Vallance, LEFKIMMI, Greece
How about apologizing for the biggest deception in the history of history itself? Because that's essentially what Christianity is; a personality cult taken over by a serial fantasist. Think Elvis: The star, the manager and the fan club and you'll see how easy it was. This is one area where the Muslims have it right. St. Paul was an evil, pernicious influence that hijacked the early Christian church and was done to death for his trouble. In fact, all of Christianity has a nasty sadomasochistic streak. John the Baptist, Jesus, his brother James who took over the movement, St. Paul⦠all done to death. And forget Jesus rising from the dead after being executed by the Romans and an ascension into heaven. The bones of JC became part of the planet like everyone else. âThis convenient myth has served us well.â You can say that again.
Andrew Milner, Yokohama, Japan
Revilo, your anti-Catholicism is woefully ignorant.
I think you will find that the barbarian invasions of the 5th century were collectively the architect of the dark ages - not the Catholic church!
Tyndale fled to Europe to escape Henry VIII, and was murdered with his connivance. Had he not opposed Henry's divorce, he just might have survived.
Before you attack the Catholic Church again, can I respectfully suggest you read Pope Benedict XVI's recent lecture on Galileo? You might be surprised!
Andrew, Norfolk,
The Catholic church apologizes for its persecution of Galileo. Good start. How about apologizing for torturing and murdering Tyndall. Tyndall had the audacity of publishing the Bible in English so that people had direct access to knowledge without the controlling interpretation of the Roman Catholic church.
It was not just scientific knowledge that the Pope suppressed - it activity sought to be the arbiter of all knowledge and suppressed any independent access to light and truth in any form.
The Catholic church was the architect of the dark ages and did everything in its power to resist renaissance. It burned Tyndall at the stake for translating the Bible into English and murdered untold scores of people for merely having copies of Tyndall's translation.
Yes, apologizing to Galileo is little more than a poor start to the Church's requisite repentance.
Revilo, Waynesvile, OH