Adam LeBor, Central Europe Correspondent
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A Croatian general who spent four years on the run goes on trial today, charged with jointly planning one of the largest episodes of “ethnic cleansing” of the Yugoslav wars and failing to prevent war crimes.
Ante Gotovina was commander of Operation Storm in August 1995, when between 150,000 and 200,000 Serbs fled or were forced to flee as the newly armed Croatian Army, trained by American advisers, smashed through Serb lines. Croat troops found towns and villages abandoned in panic, with meals still warm on the table.
General Gotovina fled Croatia after being indicted in 2001 and spent four years on the run, protected and funded by an international network of supporters. He was eventually arrested in a luxury hotel on Tenerife in December 2005, thus easing Croatia’s path to EU membership.
He is charged at the UN war crimes tribunal together with two other generals, Ivan Cermak and Mladen Markac. All three plead not guilty. Prosecutors also allege that while General Gotovina’s troops murdered at least 37 Serbs, looted, burnt villages and expelled civilians from their homes, he knew that war crimes were being committed but failed to stop the atrocities or punish the perpetrators.
The trial is vital for the Balkans to come to terms with its recent bloody history, UN officials say. For many in Croatia, General Gotovina and his comrades are national heroes. The three generals are accused of taking part in a joint criminal enterprise together with Franjo Tudjman, former President of Croatia, Gojko Susak, former Minister of Defence, and two former army chiefs of staff. All four are now dead, but would otherwise have probably joined the three generals in the dock.
“This trial is extremely important for the region from a judicial and historical point of view,” Nerma Jelacic, spokeswoman for the tribunal, said. “It will look into some of the worst crimes that happened in Croatia. The pro“ secution argues that there was a joint criminal enterprise to cleanse the Serb population, and also blames President Tudjman.”
Defence lawyers argue that General Gotovina fought against the former Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic and ended the wars in Bosnia and Croatia and so should be praised. In their pretrial brief the lawyers wrote: “To label him a war criminal would be an injustice not only to him but to the victims whose suffering he ended when no one else in the international community would.”
The trial could prove embarrassing for Western intelligence services and regional governments if General Gotovina reveals how much support the Croatian military and intelligence services received from the West, especially the United States and the CIA. According to Hrvoje Sarinic, former chief of staff to President Tudjman, who also acted as his secret envoy to Milosevic, the CIA cooperated with General Gotovina and supplied intelligence-gathering equipment before Operation Storm.
Tribunal officials say that Operation Storm is not on trial, only the crimes allegedly committed during it. The trial could also reveal details of the murky deals between Milosevic and Tudjman, and why Milosevic did not mobilise the Yugoslav Army as the Krajina Serbs fled the Croat forces.
The tribunal’s most wanted men, the Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic and the military commander General Ratko Mladic, both charged with genocide, remain on the run. Political turmoil in Serbia will only hamper efforts to bring them to justice. The new UN war crimes prosecutor, Serge Brammertz, said last week that the tribunal should not close down until Mr Mladic and Dr Karadzic are captured. Many fear that if Dr Karadzic and Mr Mladic can stay in hiding until 2011, when the tribunal is due to close down, they will evade justice.
THE CHARGES
Edited extract from the indictment at the UN war crimes tribunal
— Ante Gotovina, acting individually or in concert with others, planned, instigated, ordered, committed or otherwise aided and abetted:
— The unlawful killing of at least 150 Krajina Serbs and the disappearance of many hundreds of others by Croatian forces. Those who remained in, or returned to, their homes were ultimately forced to flee as a result of continued killing, arson, looting, harassment and terror
— Threats of physical harm to person and property by Croatian forces
— Large-scale deportation or displacement of an estimated 150,000-200,000 Krajina Serbs
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Bakone Moloto presiding judge, said In October 1991, Croats in the villages of Hrvatska Dubica and Cerovljani were forced from their homes, beaten and used as human shields by Serbs. When they fled, Serbs moved into their homes, Judge Moloto said. On Oct. 20, 1991, Eleven managed to escape, but the next day the remaining prisoners were taken to the banks of a nearby river and killed, Judge Moloto said. Their bodies were dumped in several graves, including a mass grave judges visited during the trial.
A piece of critical information missing from this article, and also missing from the many Iâve read on Croatiaâs 1995 plight of Serbs, is that from 1991-1995, prior to the plight of Serbs, ethnic Serbs in Croatia, with hefty assistance from both paramilitary units from Serbia the Milosevic-controlled Communist Yugoslav Army (JNA), killed at least 15,000 Croatians and forcibly displaced, "cleansed," some 220,000 Croats from about one-third of Croatian territory. More than 15,000 (FIFTEEN THOUSAND!) Croats were murdered in areas occupied by Serbs, and more than 4000 are still missing. ( If I am not mistaken, DM100 was paid for each dead Croatian citizens.) Croatians should indeed be proud of their own liberation from such a hell.
Mario, Cleveland/Ohio, USA
If you still believe the sanitized version of who was responsible for the breakup of Yugoslavia you need to ask yourself several questions and once you answer those question you will see that the only thing we can blame Milosevic for is for attempting to save the unity of a socialist Yugoslavia. Milosevic was the leader of Serbia who wanted all the Serbs to live in one state and that state was Yugoslavia. In Milosevicâs Serbia lived some seven million Serbs, 250 thousand Croats, one million Muslims, 250 thousand Albanians (excluding the million and a half that live in the Serbian province of Kosovo), 400 thousand Hungarians and many other minorities who still live there today. During the NATO war not a single member of these minorities was maltreated and in fact thousands of Muslims, Croats, Albanians and Serbs escaped from Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo and found sanctuary in Serbia. In fact other than Darfur, Serbia, today has the second largest refugee population in the world. So why would Milosevic go outside of Serbia to cleanse non Serbs when he never touched a single one in his own province? NATO had no answer to this question because their case against Milosevic was a pack of lies.
The other question that one might ask is how many people died in NATOâs breakup of Yugoslavia. According to new statistics it was not 250 thousand or 500 thousand the figures that NATO bantered about, and CBC reported, during the war but 104 thousand. We now know that approximately 17% of the dead were Croats, 34% Serb and some 45% Muslim. TokaÄa, a Bosnian Muslim researcher states that as of 15 December 2005, âour list contained 93,837 names of civilians and soldiers [missing or dead which] comprised of 63,687 Muslims, 24,216 Serbs, 5,057 Croats and 877 others.â When one extrapolates the military casualties it can be concluded that most of those who died were members of the military factions. Furthermore, these percentages reflect the population proportions of Bosnia where most of these people died.
The third question one needs to ask is, were people cleansed from their homes in Bosnia and Croatia. The answer is yes. Croats expelled Serbs and Muslims from the territory where Croats were the majority, Muslims cleansed Serbs and Croats from areas where Muslims were the majority and Serbs cleansed Muslims and Croats from where Serbs were the majority. Some half million Serbs who live today as refugees in Serbia have not been allowed to return to their homes in Croatia or Kosovo. Of course many have no homes to return to since their homes have been burned or vandalized in their absence. ..
NATO wanted to breakup Yugoslavia to privatize its economy in the name of Globalization. Milosevic was the only one of the old communist guard who refused to move to total privatization, so Milosevic had to go and for that he was made a scapegoat for NATOâs acts of war.
Today, Croatiaâs Dalmatian and Montenegroâs coastal areas are being bought up by foreign interests from NATO countries and Russia. Toll highways are being built by foreign firms and privatized in all parts of former Yugoslavia while the infrastructure, telecommunication, resources, financial institutions (banks and insurance companies), tourist facilities are bought up by Europeans at anywhere from 10 cents to 30 cents on a dollar. In former Yugoslavia, like in Eastern Europe and Russia prior to Putin a massive theft of state property is underway. Wal-Mart like stores, fast food outlets, soft drink and tobacco companies are on the move into the Balkans. Former Yugoslavia is well on its way to MacDonaldisation, Cocacolaism and Rothmanism.
In the case of the Kosovo war, we see today the result of yesterdayâs lies. Countries like Spain, Slovakia, Russia, Bulgaria and others see that the media was wrong in championing Kosovo independence which was contrary to international law. These countries also fear this as they have minorities that want to break up their country. After endless horror stories illustrated with fantastically high death tolls were aired day after day by CBC and CNN, NATO convinced us to intervene. We now know that in fact only approximately 4000 persons died and these deaths occurred when Serbian forces went in to fight the terrorist KLA. The KLA kidnapped Serbs and threw grenades into cafes resulting in military retaliations by the Serbian army. When will we hear a retraction and the truth behind the spin of lies? Christiana Amanpour repeated her husband's lies with a perfectly straight face: tens of thousands slaughtered, we were told, and the murderous drug-dealing KLA were really "freedom fighters," the Albanian equivalent of George Washington and his Continental Army! Journalists didn't question the government line about alleged Serbian "genocide": instead they wanted to know if the President would send in the ground troops â and if not, why not? Now you have an independent Kosovo how will you spin the story when terrorists take up arms to split Basque from Spain as they attempted to do many times before? You have established a precedent which tells us that international law does not matter what matters is the lie which reflects the aim of the winners.
For years Britain fought against terrorism in Ireland but Serbia was bombed by Britain for doing the same thing in Kosovo. US is chasing terrorists around the world but it is not OK for Serbia to fight terrorism in its own country. When the half million Serbs wanted independence from Croatia, Croatia with US military aid cleansed the whole region and burned and plundered Serbian homes but this in the end was OK with NATO even though Canadian troops attempted to stop the cleansing. What will NATO do tomorrow when million and a half Serbs in Bosnia declare their right to independence and union with Serbia? Will NATO say it is OK for Kosovo to break international law but it is not OK for Republika Srpska. to do the same thing What will NATO nations say if Quebec decides to split from Canada, or Hungarians in Transylvania from Romania or Albanians from Greece and Macedonia will they say that changing borders is against international law but Kosovo was OK since it is NATO that chooses what is OK and what is not OK. What will we do when the chickens come home to roost and other terrorist groups decide to do the same as the KLA drug dealers are doing in Kosovo? Will we hypocritically say you canât do that because of International law?
Walter, Kamloops, Canada
Anybody that puts the name of General Gotovina in the same sentence as Karadzic and Mladic is an idiot. The two Serb generals are indicted for GENOCIDE, i.e. the slaughter of 8000 Moslems in Srebrenica! They would have done the same thing to the people of Bihac if General Gotovina had not STOPPED them. The facts presented during the trial will exonerate not only General Gotovina, but the Croatians as well. The days of Serbs using blogs and the media to perpetuate their claims that they are equal victims to Croatians and Muslims is coming to an end. The world will finally be able to see and conclude - THROUGH COLD, HARD FACTS - and not through ambiguous and murky accusations, that the Serbs were the aggressors in this war and they need to be made to face it!
Ana, Chicago, USA
t's so obvious! The Croats see Gotovina as a hero and the others not! But please try to see it more objective or just face it: The crimes that happened in the Krajina were cruel and unhuman. I till remember those neverending columns of serbian civilians. So no Croat can tell me that this was not an cleansing! What do you mean with "driving enemy forces back to Serbia". Sorry, but those Serbs used to live there for GENERATIONS. It was never peopled by Croats. I guess the last 15 years it was so easy to accuse the Serbs for the War in former Yugolsavia. But finally it's time to judge every enemy of humanity, no matter if serb, croat or a bosniak. Most of the serbs already realized and accepted their fault. But the Croats never did, because of reposing on prejudices. well, that's your dilemma and your problem!
Aleksandar Todorovic, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
No matter how hard you try to portray Ante Gotovina as a war criminal, you are simply wasting your precoius time.
Fact 1: The serbs of Krajina expelled and committed mass genocide of Croats in that region in 1991-92.
Fact 2: Croatia, as an independent country offered special concessions to ethnic Serbs that promised equality, freedom in a democratic new country.
Fact 3: Serbia, for many years prior to the war were planning a greater Serbia that would rule over Bosnia and Hercegovina, and much of Croatia. Croatian independednce was the perfect opportunity to reignite old hatred from World war 2 thus the government in Belgrade backed the serbs in resisting croatian independence for a greater serbia.
Fact 4: Ante Gotovina and his men LIBERATED there homeland and thus put an end to the bloodshed and genocide by serbs in croatia and Bosnia. unlike the Serbs, croatia never stepped inside Serbia's borders, nor wanted to!
Fact 5: Croatia had every right to liberate there homeland.
John, Australia,
After all the media's portraits of the "Bad Serb Guys" such as Milosevic or Mladic, finally there is a tale of General Gotovina. After all these time we hear that in August 1995 Croation troops, with American support, expeled between 150 000 and 200 000 Krajina Serbs.
Just to mention two unpleasent facts. Agim Ceku, formal Prime Minister of self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo, was also high ranking officer under Gotovina's command. Is there justice for this man as well, or perhaps he is too precious right now as one of the leaders of Kosovo Albanians?
Second one concernes Croation commander-in-chief, late president Tudjman. In August 1995 he was guest of honour at the V-Day celebrations here in London, despite what Independent State of Croatia (NDH) done to its Jewish and Serbian citisiens during WWII. And his goverment just performed "victory" over 200 000 Serbs expeling them from their homes. So, it appearas that Tudjam and Gotovina had US help and UK support.
Quo Vadis, Britannia ?
Uros, London, United Kingdom