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He was the conscience of a nation whose writings exposed the horrors of the Communist Gulag and galvanised Russian opposition to the tyranny of the Soviet Union.
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s long struggle for his beloved Russia ended last night at his home in Moscow, 14 years after he had returned in triumph from exile imposed by the Soviet regime that he had helped to bring down. His son Stepan said that the Nobel laureate had suffered heart failure, aged 89.
The former dissident had been in failing health for some years. He lived long enough to be fêted by a Kremlin that had once condemned him to slave labour. The former Russian president, Vladimir Putin, once a KGB officer, travelled to Solzhenitsyn’s home to present him with the State Prize for humanitarian achievement last year, thanking him for “all your work for the good of Russia”.
Solzhenitsyn won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1970 after writing in harrowing detail about the system of Soviet labour camps in works such as One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich and The Gulag Archipelago.
A project to publish Solzhenitsyn’s complete works in his homeland for the first time was begun in 2006. The author hinted at the time that he did not expect to live to see the 30-volume project completed in 2010.
The literary celebration would have been unthinkable in 1974, when Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Soviet Union and stripped of his citizenship soon after the first part of The Gulag Archipelago appeared in the West. The three-volume work, which took a decade to complete, forced many Western sympathisers to revise their views of the Soviet regime.
Solzhenitsyn spent eight years in labour camps for criticising Stalin in letters to a schoolfriend in 1945 after serving in the army throughout the Second World War. On his release in 1953, he was sent into internal exile in Kazakhstan, where he developed cancer. His experiences formed the basis of the novelsThe First Circleand Cancer Ward. An edited version of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich was published in the Soviet Union in 1962 during the cultural thaw under Nikita Khrushchev.
The censors rejected other manuscripts, however, as the KGB placed Solzhenitsyn under increasing scrutiny for “antiSoviet” activity. His Nobel Prize for Literature was denounced as an act of political hostility, but he continued to smuggle work out to the West while underground samizdat copies circulated in Russia.
The cellist Mstislav Rostropovich protested against Solzhenitsyn’s persecution and sheltered the writer in the early 1970s. His support attracted official harassment that forced Rostropovich to flee to Paris in 1974. Solzhenitsyn moved to Germany and Switzerland after his expulsion before settling in the US in 1976. Mikhail Gorbachev restored his citizenship in 1990 and he returned to Russia in 1994, where he professed himself shocked at the impoverished condition of the people.
He was strongly critical of the new Russian society that emerged from Communism, attacking corruption and calling for a return to traditional patriotism. He was noticeably warmer about Mr Putin, however, saying that he had taken steps to “save Russia’s statehood”. In a video message recorded in response to his award from Mr Putin, Solzhenitsyn said that he hoped his work would help Russia to avoid “destructive breakdowns” in future.
Days in the life of . . .
1941 Solzhenitsyn graduates from Rostov University with a degree in mathematics, before joining the army to fight in the Second World War, achieving the rank of captain
1945 Corresponding with a friend, he makes derogatory comments about Stalin. The letters are intercepted and he is arrested
1945-53 He serves eight years in detention camps, an experience that formed the basis of his novella One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
1962 Following a relaxation of censorship, the novella is published in the USSR, on the personal permission of President Krushchev. It is one of the first Russian works to criticise the Stalinist regime
1970 Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Solzhenitsyn does not accept in person – fearing that he would not be let back into the USSR
1972 He smuggles out a Nobel speech describing a “Gulag Archipelago” where “it was my fate to survive, while others – perhaps with a greater gift and stronger than I – have perished”. Two years later he is expelled from the USSR
1990 With the crumbling of the old Soviet Union, Gorbachev restores Solzhenitsyn’s citizenship
1994 Solzhenitsyn returns to Russia
1998 Refuses state award from Boris Yeltsin, blaming him for the country’s ruinous economy
Source: Nobel Prize Committee, Britannica
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There is no such person in China, and I am afraid there will be no such person in China in the near future, that's a pity.
Leo, Shanghai, China
We read "One Day" in English at High School. It was a profoundly affecting book. I agree that Solzhenitsyn railed against oppression, but not specifically Communism or Socialism. His memory will live on, in fact I am off to the library at lunchtime to get One Day out again to reread it.
Nick, ChCh, NZ
He was the greatest russian of the beginning of the 21st century. He returned moral strength to Russian literature. He survived in Stalin camps and in exile. He wrote the epic of World War 1, February revolution and Gulag. Hell ever be the example of invincible civil courage.
Vladimir Kozer, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia
Such a great man and writer.
As far as I know there is that book about Lenin (the God) that has not yet been publiced in Russia.
I suppose it will take some time before we will have anything like Solzhenitsyn in China.
That worries me, as the Peking Olympics looks more and more like Berlin.
Lars, Helsinki, Finland
He was the great and courageous witness of the Gulag and Soviet oppression. He made a major contribution to bringing down the Soviet system. He is the proof that the lone courageous voice can have true influence in History.
After however the great work, came the years of Irony and self- delusion.
Shalom Freedman, Jerusalem , Israel
Today is the anniversary of the death of Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh who, as Head of the Russian Orthodox Church in Europe, spoke in defence of Solzhenitsyn; for doing so he was removed from his post by the Soviet authorities, yet continued to support this great writer. To both: MEMORY ETERNAL!
Ekaterina, London,
Solzhenitsyn was simply a great man willing to go to extreme lengths to stand up for his beliefs. The world needs more people to follow his example.
Mark Hurst, Leicester,
A special man
RK, London,
Ivan Denisovitch was one of the most powerful books I have ever read. I read it at 12, but it truly spoke to my soul and I have never been the same since. It revealed to me the appalling cruelty of oppressive systems (of various types) and the importance of keeping one's soul alive no matter what.
Rose Richards, Cape Town, South Africa
"A great man. If only more people had read his books then america would not be getting away with their inhumane treatment of people today.
simon lomax, warrington, cheshire"
Inhuman treatment?
Steven Q, Minneapolis Mn., USA
Solzhenitsyn was critical of corruption, not socialism. "One Day in the Life" should no more make one suspicious of Socialism than reading about Guantanamo Bay should Capitalism.
Tom Davies, Oxford,
Solzhenitsyn was a great soul, who was the happiest under the nights, filled with stars, of Kazakhstan, of which he is one now.
Jaap den Haan, Renesse,
The message of Solzhenitsyn is directed as much against capitalism as Marxism - material values corrupt, spiritual values offer more than a consolation, they give the best defence against dehumanizing managerial elites who want to reduce us individuals to numbers appearing in reports and accounts.
fra paolo, London, England
Reading "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch " at 15 gave me a lifelong suspicion of socialism and its meritricious claims.
Arnold Ward, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
This truly is the death of a giant of modern times. Solzhenitsyn did just as much for peace and equality as Mandela has and, in a world in which fewer and fewer are prepared to step outside the comfort zone, only time can tell us what a totem for freedom this man was. A hero is gone.
Mike, Bristol,
What a refreshing intellectual after servile boot-lickers like Sartre and García Márquez who upheld and waved the flag of totalitarianism.
Eugene, heidelberg, germany
Hi,
I hold Alexander Solzhenitsyn with great esteem. My favourite book is one less noticed, August 1914. A wonderful book.
Regards Dr. Terence Hale
Terence Hale, Zandvoort, Holland
A great moment to recall THE FIRST CIRCLE. A novel which expresses the soul, the 'humanity' of a human being.
His true achievement was not just to bring to our attention a corruption that continues to exist the world over, but to reveal the human spirit which is capable of transcending it!
gardiner, berrien, france
Solzhenitsyn's political philosphy was simple yet effective: don't support a lie but rather defeat it! Obviously, that was too much for the repressive regime in Moscow. Ironically, by not supporting a lie nowadays qualifies you being called 'anti-American', or 'giving the enemy comfort' etc.
Robert B., Dubai, UAE
It's appalling to see and feel our Teachers gone, the ones who used their whatever talents to encourage people pursue values they believed and amazingly gaining tremendous results. I'm thankful to the world public who recognise and grieve.
Alexey L.N., Novosibirsk, Russia
Solzhenitsyn was a giant who made most Anglo-Saxon contemporary writers look trivial. He was hated by Western liberals because he revealed the truth about a regime worse than Nazi Germany; he also showed the truth of the human soul . Note how the leftie BBC is treating his death: that says it all
George, Bolton, England
If only China had a man like him the fall of communism and the Party's grip on a quarter of humanity's lives might end soon. Instead the west offers longevity pills in the form of the Olympics.
Morton Fellows, Hong Kong,
Mr. Solzhenitsyn was one of greatest writer of Russia of 20 century. I read most of his books,especially the Gulag, it reminded my of my Albanian Gulag at age 14 where over 127000 thousands died and over 1 million went through camps and prison. He lives in all of us,may he rest in peace. Amen
L.A. ISUFI, B. County .N.J., UNITED STATES
It is a pity that America opposed the USSR in Europe in the Cold War. It would have been more illuminating for Europeans to have faced the Kremlin, the Red Army and the gulags on their own. Today, especially in Southern Europe, one can hear how essential lessons have not been learnt.
Joe, New York, US
A great man. If only more people had read his books then america would not be getting away with their inhumane treatment of people today.
simon lomax, warrington, cheshire
Silence from the Western academics who justified the Soviet regime and apologized for it for decades. I remember teaching at Wesleyan University the 60's and being told that the Soviets were trying to create a new kind of man. I objected and tenure was not forth coming.
robert macdonald phillips, West Hartford, USA