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Five decades after being declared officially dead, the most toe-curling of all America’s critters has returned, with a spate of bloodsucking attacks on unsuspecting victims as they sleep. The culprit is Cimex lectularius - otherwise known as the common bedbug. Until recently it was known happily to Americans only from nursery rhymes.
Not any more. Up to 5mm in length, wingless, nocturnal and covered in microscopic hairs, the bedbug was supposed to have been eliminated from the US by the pesticide DDT, which was later banned by the US Environmental Protection Agency in 1972 because of the damage it caused to fish, birds and other wildlife.
But now the insect is back, and its sudden return has been proclaimed “one of the great mysteries of entomology”. Over recent months bedbugs have been turning up in hospitals, nursing homes, cinemas, dry cleaners, schools, public housing and even some well-to-do residential homes.
They are attracted to the very thing that has caused the US, and the rest of the world, so much grief lately: carbon dioxide. While historically it is the carbon dioxide in human breath that has brought them out to feed, experts speculate that rising levels in the air could be behind their renaissance. Every day seems to bring a new tale of infestation - and, in the land that spawned the compensation culture, a new lawsuit.
Maya Rudelph, star of Saturday Night Live, is suing her New York landlord for $450,000 (£225,000) over a claim that her $13,500-a-month SoHo loft apartment is infested with the insects. In Ohio a woman is suing the Hilton hotel chain after she allegedly suffered more than 150 bites in a room, leaving her “physically scarred and emotionally damaged”. The bugs have been gone for so long now that few know how to deal with them.
“We have a whole new generation of people in our profession who had never seen a bedbug,” said Leonard Douglen, executive director of the New Jersey Pest Management Association, which organised a trade show at Rutgers University last week devoted to the pest’s resurgence.
Another problem: with DDT banned, the bedbugs laugh in the face of the pyrethroid-based compounds now used against them. “We’ve had cases where we’re spraying 200 to 300 times the label dose of toxins and we can’t kill ’em,” Michael Potter, an entomologist at the University of Kentucky, complained during a seminar in New York last week.
Anyone unsure of what a bedbug calls mealtime is invited by Dr Potter to look at a video posted on YouTube by his university. It shows a bug, in close-up, on the flesh of a victim. The bug appears translucent at first, but after injecting the human with saliva - which contains anticoagulants and anaesthetics - the bug turns crimson as it gorges on blood.
Bedbugs are hard to see, as are their eggs, of which they can lay six a day. Although they like to feed every five to ten days, they can survive without a bloodsucking session for as long as 18 months. The good news is that while they have been known to contain pathogens such as plague and hepatitis B, bedbugs have not been linked with the transmission of any diseases.
A taste for blood
- Bedbugs usually take three to five minutes to engorge themselves on a victim’s blood
- A fluid is injected through the bug’s sharp beak helping it to obtain blood. This causes itchiness and swelling on the skin
- Once it has fed, a bedbug hides for several days to digest its meal
- A fertilised female bedbug lays up to six eggs a day, and an average of between 300 and 500 in a lifetime. Eggs are covered in a sticky substance so they adhere to surfaces
- Once an infested bed has been cleared, applying petroleum jelly to the lower two or three inches of its legs can help to prevent bugs from climbing on to it
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There are a number of comments here that I would like to address. First, the reason we have a bed bug problem is that world travel to and from areas that have always been infested with them is increasing. Secondly, going back to nature is nonsense. If so-called "natural" solutions worked the problem wouldn't exist. Third, DDT was effective for quite a while and did most of the heavy lifting to eliminate bed bugs. However, resistance developed and Malathion was used at the end for final eradication in the U.S. Fourth, the ban on DDT should be revoked. Not because it could be used against beg bugs, (I doubt it would have much effect) but because it would cause a rethink regarding all the other products that the environmentalists and their acolytes in government forced off the market that still work on bed bugs, such Dursban and Ficam. Unfortunately this has now become an expensive proposition for the home and business owner and the environmental activists are responsible.
R. Kozlovich, Exterminator, Mentor, Ohio, USA
My wife says they're due to the recent fashion (promoted by the Greens) for washing linens in cold water. In the old days linens were boiled! Rule of the Law of Unexpected Consequences.
Geo, Oxford, UK
Before trying essential oils "reputed to be" effective against bedbugs, one might remember that these were heavily in use before the advent of DDT. DDT was considered a godsend because the back to nature ways didn't work.
From what the pest control folks are saying, nothing we've invented since then works very well either.
Jim, Nassau Bay, US/Texas
...another unintended side effect of the hysterical ban on DDT occasioned by Rachael Carson's pseudoscience. DDT eliminated bedbugs, malaria, yellow fever, and even household dust mites where it was properly used, saving millions of lives and reducing the incidence of allergic diseases. Give me back my old Flit Gun.
Tom Davidson, Richmond, Virginia, US
I just get tired of saying it, but the true culprit of global warming AND carbon emissions and verdicide, is the demographic explosion. There simply isn't enough room for so many consumers on the planet. If there were only one million cars running, or an hundredth of the land developments for all these people needing houses and shopping centres and highways and, and, and...we'd be completely free from pollution. It would be negligeable. BRING THE POPULATION DOWN!
Eugene, Heidelberg, germany
They could go back to "nature" instead of pesticides and try using essential oils. There are several oils reputed to be useful against dust mites, bed bugs etc.
Rosy Knight, Sheffield, UK
There so many in my house recently we got it some how I don't know how and if anyone can give a few tips on how to help me get rid of them that would be great, I've had them for a couple of months now but I've never seen any with my own eyes, until today when we checked my daughters bed it was full, behind the bed sheets and every where, trust me it was a nightmare and I shout I was scared so please let me know if you previously had bed bugs give me some hints on how to get rid of them my kids are all afraid and they wouldn't sleep at all.
Dina, Toronto, Canada
Bed bugs are a nasty problem the world over with parts of London experiencing a 500% - 1200% increase in the last few years.
I run a specialist pest control group based in London that treats between 8 and 12 properties per day and we only do bed bugs. Its a complex problem to deal with and rapid identification is really the only way to get rid of them quickly.
Don't wait to start getting bitten as 60% of people do not initially respond to the bites check your sleeping area on a regular basis and as part of your monthly or bi monthly cleaning.
They can affect anyone exposed to them regardless of personal hygiene and living conditions if you come into contact with them while traveling, working or eating out take sensible steps not to bring them home. They are certainly a house guest my clients are glad to see the back of.
David Cain, Battersea, London
They are rempant in NYC. You regularly walk down the streets and see bedding out for collection...with the word "BUGS!" spray painted across the mattresses.
I think DDT should be legalized for use by professionals in certain controlled instances (obviously not the wholesale spraying of wheat fields).
Glen, New York City, NY USA
I read somewhere that you are supposed to put your bed's legs in pans of water because bedbugs can't swim. And also make sure no bedding touches the floor. You have to keep this up for a year I'm told.
Claudia , Atlanta, USA
We have gotten them twice, both after staying in hotels.
The first time, they infested our house, primarily in our bedroom. We used veterinarian type flea/tick spray several times. Most importantly, we frequently washed the sheets and pillow cases and put them plus the pillows in the clothes dryer on the hottest setting. We also bought plastic covers that fully sealed for the box spring and mattress of the bed. After 6 months we stopped seeing the bedbugs. We found dead bugs and egg cases throughout the box spring.
The second time, we realized that there were bedbugs while we were still at the hotel (they hurt when they bite and there are usually a few drops of blood on the sheets or pillow). We took all clothing, pillows, and blankets that had been in the hotel room and washed and dried them immediately upon arrival home. No bed bugs were found in our house.
Our new plan is to minimize how much is unpacked in a hotel room and treat everything if exposed.
Jim Mann, Damascus, Maryland, USA
They are a nightmare to get rid of, I know that from a personal experience, and absolutely scarring in the sense that every time you read an article like this or hear the mention of them you start itching. Bed bugs usually bite mainly the arms, although a guest of mine was covered in bites after a night on the couch (also infested) and they hide behind the bed post, in the dark corners... that way they don't have to climb the bed to reach the victim, they sleep right by its head.
Oh and just because they're called bed bugs, doesn't mean they only lay eggs and hide at your bedside, in fact they can be anywhere in the house... yuck!
diana, London,
Another example of environmental fanaticism gone wrong - the banning of DDT. Even though DDT was greatly over-used (as a kid I remember running through huge clouds of DDT sprayed from trucks), the harm it was causing was greatly exaggerated.
The solution? Allow limited indoor use of DDT by licensed exterminators. Bedbug problem solved, and zero harm to the environment.
Roberto, San Diego, CA USA
I've been in London for 2 years and I've got a big problem with this little bloodsuckers...
I hate them! I hate them all! I tried with the spray but they're always coming back...
Please, can you tell me how can I kill them?
I know they are not really dangerous but they are disgusting!
Thank you very much.
alex, london, United Kingdom